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Lesson
In community-based projects, water user and sanitation committees (WUSCs) can act as reliable facilitators between the project and beneficiaries. The participation of local communities during both design and implementation is crucial for project sustainability and effective project implementation.

Project Number: 31402-013
Project Name: Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Team leader inputs should be adequately provisioned in engineering and design consultant contracts to ensure timely technical support and advice for town projects to facilitate timely decisions.

Project Number: 31402-013
Project Name: Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Subproject Appraisal Reports. Since SARs were prepared for each upazila, 96 SARs were produced. This was a huge and time consuming task that took almost two years to complete. It is recommended that future projects should produce SARs on the basis of districts or regions rather than upazila. This concept would have reduced the number of reports to 16 if prepared on a district basis or 2 if prepared on a regional basis.

Project Number: 31304-013
Project Name: Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Community organizations require continued support during and after the transition to the post-construction period to ensure the sustainability of water supply facilities. Capacity development needs to cover not only the technical aspects of operation and maintenance (O&M) but also financial management, water demand management through public awareness campaigns, and the protection of water sources including water conservation.

Project Number: 31402-013
Project Name: Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
A unit to provide technical support to WUSCs should be established in an early stage of the project, and the staff of WUSCs should be trained throughout the project implementation period, rather than just at the end. ADB should be more involved in ensuring that appropriate mechanisms for providing technical support are in place and that the unit's capacity is strengthened. Five regional technical support centers were established very late in the project, and only one center was staffed by two people, who do not know how to operate some of the equipment.

Project Number: 31402-013
Project Name: Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Advanced Procurement Action. Early procurement for contract packages is absolutely essential to enable projects to meet their implementation schedule. In this case, the major civil works contract packages for year 1 were prepared by the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) during the feasibility study before the project consultants were mobilized and the subproject appraisal reports (SARs) were prepared. Early recruitment of the consultants would have improved the performance of the project in the early stages. The recruitment process should be simplified to avoid delays.

Project Number: 31304-013
Project Name: Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Effective orientation programs on project approaches, implementation modalities, and the roles of stakeholders contribute to successful project implementation. Implementation partners should be well informed on the approaches and strategies of the project prior to implementation.

Project Number: 31402-013
Project Name: Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
All components of projects should be treated as important and monitored from the early stages of project implementation. The difficulty of establishing technical support centers in five development regions of Nepal under the technical support components was mainly because the executing agency (EA) accorded them low priority and ADB did not follow up sufficiently.

Project Number: 31402-013
Project Name: Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Public response to project activities. Consultations, mass media campaigns, awareness workshops, and beneficiary involvement in conflict resolution meetings all contributed to a greater understanding of project interventions by key stakeholders. Implementation activities did not appear to have created significant public protest and generated no critical news reports, public interest litigation, or petitions.

Project Number: 30215-013
Project Name: Forest Resources Management Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Project design should accommodate the complexity of community participation and the time it requires. Adequate attention should be paid to capacity development in communities to ensure the sustainability of water supply and sanitation (WSS) facilities.

Project Number: 31402-013
Project Name: Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Extensive and thorough investigations of potential project sites need to be carried out to the extent possible during feasibility studies and detailed design to ensure that designs are appropriate. Experience shows that design shortcomings have caused significant implementation delays and numerous contract variations.

Project Number: 31402-013
Project Name: Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Institutional change process. The magnitude of loss in potential revenue because of its delay in introducing open competition in state plantation timber harvesting was demonstrated analytically to the government through a comprehensive plantation measurement and valuation system. This led to an increase in stumpage rates and provided an incentive for the Forest Department to take steps to review the mandate of the State Timber Corporation and make it more cost efficient. But much still needs to be done to enhance competitiveness in the sector.

Project Number: 30215-013
Project Name: Forest Resources Management Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Women's Market Section (WMS). The project made an effort to include WMSs in all market developments to bring women more into the mainstream of the rural economy. However, women in some areas are conservative and not willing to run shops side-by-side with men. WMSs should only be included in market developments where project appraisal indicates that women are interested and available to participate in running the facilities; otherwise, the resources can be used elsewhere.

Project Number: 31304-013
Project Name: Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Better linkage between health outcomes and WSS outputs should be promoted in WSS projects by including sanitation, hygiene, and health promotion activities in project design.

Project Number: 31402-013
Project Name: Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Monitoring of production-related activities. A wide range of production activities were financed under the project new woodlots, the maintenance of old woodlots, clear-felling, and the replanting of mature plantations, for example. Detailed physical and financial information was not maintained at the individual enterprise level, however. This would have been best collected through regular stock assessments to estimate growth rates more clearly. The resulting information would have been valuable in two ways.

Project Number: 30215-013
Project Name: Forest Resources Management Sector Project
Report Date: