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Lesson
Financing arrangements for TVET across public and private schools need to take account of the broader framework of fiscal devolution in countries with significant decentralization policies.

Project Number: 33409-013
Project Name: Vocational Education Strengthening Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The DMF indicators ould have been more closely tied to the primary goal of the CSF, which is to protect vulnerable groups in times of crisis when national budgets are under pressure.

Project Number: 46239-001
Project Name: Precautionary Financing Facility
Report Date:
Lesson
Tightening the criteria for granting extensions could address multiple extensions in future operations that, in the case of this PFF, resulted in a far longer implementation period than originally envisaged and gave it the character of a standby credit facility rather than a crisis response.

Project Number: 46239-001
Project Name: Precautionary Financing Facility
Report Date:
Lesson
The countercyclical support facility (CSF), with a precautionary financing option, has demonstrated its role as part of ADB’s lending products, but its use is likely to be most effective when provided in the context of a development partner coordination mechanism, which includes the participation of the International Monetary Fund.

Project Number: 46239-001
Project Name: Precautionary Financing Facility
Report Date:
Lesson
The government–development partner coordination mechanism played an important role in ensuring that the precautionary financing facility (PFF) achieved its objectives.

Project Number: 46239-001
Project Name: Precautionary Financing Facility
Report Date:
Lesson
The strategic oversight of funds is enhanced when their governance structure includes some form of third-party engagement. The original Board paper outlined the governance structure of CCF and included at its apex ADB and external financing partners, whose function would be to provide strategic direction to the CCF and to meet ADB for annual consultations and to review progress, administration, and the annual work program. Since there are no external financing partners, ADB sits alone at the apex of the governance structure.

Project Number: No PN
Project Name: Climate Change Fund, 2008–2019
Report Date:
Lesson
Technical assistance with a narrow focus, immediate policy relevance, and carried out with national champions with financial and/or planning authority was key to the successful integration of climate technologies in country investment plans. Careful and realistic planning is required for the production and dissemination of outputs, since this involves multiple institutions within a given timeframe.

Project Number: No PN
Project Name: Climate Change Fund, 2008–2019
Report Date:
Lesson
Institutional capacity development on climate change in ADB’s DMCs requires long-term engagement. Just over half of CCF resources went toward capacity development. The lack of basic climate data, technical expertise, and qualified local staff in many DMCs means that some processes, especially baseline studies, vulnerability assessments, and cost–benefit analysis of mitigation and adaptation measures, have to be adjusted to reflect realities on the ground.

Project Number: No PN
Project Name: Climate Change Fund, 2008–2019
Report Date:
Lesson
Clear delineation of country activities with transparent funding allocations in cross-border RCI TA projects involving several countries helps smooth implementation and increase project success. The transaction costs in cross-border RCI TA projects tend to be high both in terms of resources and the time required to achieve agreement among stakeholders in the participating countries. It takes much longer to negotiate and agree to a common proposal in a cross-border RCI TA project than in a usual TA project.

Project Number: No PN
Project Name: Regional Cooperation and Integration Fund, 2007–2019
Report Date:
Lesson
Active engagement of national stakeholders and ADB resident missions from the outset helps improve ownership and project success. The likelihood of success is greater when an RCIF TA project is designed with genuine consultation with concerned line ministries, national agencies, the private sector (if relevant), and ADB resident missions. Active engagement of in-country stakeholders helps ADB to identify binding constraints and solutions, and to internalize implementation challenges at the TA design stage. This makes clear the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder.

Project Number: No PN
Project Name: Regional Cooperation and Integration Fund, 2007–2019
Report Date:
Lesson
The program should have had a much narrower sectoral focus and clearer criteria on the types and size of projects to be considered.

Project Number: 40009-013, 40009-023, 40009-33, 40009-43
Project Name: Infrastructure Reform Sector Development Program (Subprograms 1, 2, and 3, and an Infrastructure Project Development Facility)
Report Date:
Lesson
Reforms should be prioritized by considering institutional readiness at all levels. If reforms include multiple sectors, it may be necessary to focus on sectors in which the probability of reforms being achieved is relatively high.

Project Number: 40009-013, 40009-023, 40009-33, 40009-43
Project Name: Infrastructure Reform Sector Development Program (Subprograms 1, 2, and 3, and an Infrastructure Project Development Facility)
Report Date:
Lesson
Future support to developing public-private partnerships (PPPs) in Indonesia would benefit from a clearer identification of the obligations, incentives, and cost-sharing arrangements among government agencies. A more thorough political economy analysis will identify constraints.

Project Number: 40009-013, 40009-023, 40009-33, 40009-43
Project Name: Infrastructure Reform Sector Development Program (Subprograms 1, 2, and 3, and an Infrastructure Project Development Facility)
Report Date:
Lesson
The DMF for the Infrastructure Project Development Facility (IPDF) was not adequate to assess IPDF’s performance as an institution, with targets that were limited to the number of PPP projects. It should have included measures on the level of private sector investment in infrastructure in general, and specifically on PPP projects, together with some regional comparisons.

Project Number: 40009-013, 40009-023, 40009-33, 40009-43
Project Name: Infrastructure Reform Sector Development Program (Subprograms 1, 2, and 3, and an Infrastructure Project Development Facility)
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important that ADB and development partners, in general, understand not only the formal but also informal institutional settings, particularly how government officials at different levels interact. A more thorough political economy analysis will identify constraints.

Project Number: 40009-013, 40009-023, 40009-33, 40009-43
Project Name: Infrastructure Reform Sector Development Program (Subprograms 1, 2, and 3, and an Infrastructure Project Development Facility)
Report Date: