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Lesson
Unforeseeable changes in the regulatory framework introduced after project approval can result in changes in project design and scope. In this case, it prompted lengthy discussions that ended up with the cancellation of one output. The experience needs to be considered for projects that plan to address complex issues with multisectoral involvement in countries like Mongolia that are still transitioning and frequently introduce changes in the existing regulations.

Project Number: 45009-002
Project Name: Fifth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
High turnover of staff in project implementing and other relevant agencies affects institutional memory. It requires additional time and effort to introduce to new staff while ensuring close involvement and ownership in project implementation.

Project Number: 45009-002
Project Name: Fifth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
High staff turnover worsens capacity constraints. In this project, it aggravated lack of capacity to undertake procurement using ADB's Procurement Guidelines and the increased risk of misconduct and delays during implementation. Additional procurement capacity building for executing agency staff during implementation is therefore necessary even if procurement capacity risk is considered minimal at project appraisal.

Project Number: 48226-003
Project Name: Fifth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Ensuring close coordination between relevant agencies and capacity building are essential for land acquisition and resettlement activities are carried out in a timely and satisfactory manner. For this project, close coordination was forged between the implementing unit and the Land Agency.

Project Number: 41243-012
Project Name: Fourth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
High turnover of government project staff affects institutional memory and implies additional time and effort to introduce the project’s concepts to a new team to ensure the government is involved and owns the project implementation.

Project Number: 41243-012
Project Name: Fourth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Unforeseen events outside the control of the executing agency, such as amendments to laws and regulations and changes in decisions, require additional effort, time, and resources—and accordingly, flexibility in the project. This is especially relevant in the context of a country such as Mongolia, which is still transitioning to a market-based economy and rapidly developing, and therefore, frequently introduces new changes to the existing legislation.

Project Number: 41243-012
Project Name: Fourth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Projects that plan to introduce systemic reforms require more time for advocating new concepts, building consensus, and overcoming the institutional interests of stakeholders. This was the case with the establishment of the Medicines Regulatory Authority, for which thegovernment spent nearly 10 years.

Project Number: 41243-012
Project Name: Fourth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Air quality improvements strengthen people’s health and capacity to fight infections

Project Number: 51199-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The implementation and sustainability of policy reforms, which can be challenging, require strong and continued political ownership, commitment, leadership, and coordination among key government agencies.

Project Number: 51199-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Learning from and drawing on the achievements of past interventions is critical to the success of comprehensive policy reforms supported by the programmatic approach to policy-based lending (PBL).

Project Number: 51199-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Project design should be thorough, realistic in cost and time estimation, and in the delivery of target outputs.

Project Number: 35377-013, 35377-023
Project Name: Regional Road Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Consider engaging the ministry staff in project administration, instead of establishing a parallel PIU. This can be supported, but not led, by an external consulting service. While this may have challenges due to staff capacity, it is ideal from the standpoint of ownership and may perhaps discourage the high staff turnover experienced in the past. Staff accountability can be strengthened through closer monitoring of its performance and the provision of staff development inputs based on needs.

Project Number: 41119-012
Project Name: Third Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
There should be continuing advocacy and social marketing of the reform ideals, given frequent changes in leadership. Hence, it is important to keep the rhetoric up and alive to create and maintain the groundswell of support from everyone.

Project Number: 41119-012
Project Name: Third Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Cost estimation. The initial cost estimates based on the feasibility-level design were inaccurate. Cost estimates based on a detailed design, together with an analysis of unit rates and price escalation factors, would have produced more reliable estimates which would have helped to reduce the implementation delays early in the project.

Project Number: 35377-013
Project Name: Regional Road Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Incorporating lessons and risk mitigation. Previous ADB-funded road projects in Mongolia had shown that the MRT and contractors have limited experience and that there have been problems with contractors' mobilization efforts. These lessons were not sufficiently incorporated in the implementation arrangements.

Project Number: 35377-013
Project Name: Regional Road Development Project
Report Date: