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Lesson
To maximize impacts, community engagement components along with sufficient budget and post-project continuity plans need to be embedded in the design of projects that entail behavioral change. This project's community engagement component was designed and implemented as a broad-based outreach program to encourage behavioral change in personal waste disposal and hygiene, especially handwashing with soap, across all communities in South Tarawa.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Collection of both quantitative and qualitative data on gender impacts need to be incorporated in the design of future community engagement initiatives. Such data should provide indications on how and to what degree the initiative reduces women's time poverty, improves their well-being, and boosts their ability to engage in productive activities.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The imposition of sewerage tariffs needs to be carefully thought out and based on a thorough study, as these could discourage low-income households from connecting to new sanitation services. Sewerage tariffs were proposed based on the “user pays” principle as one of two means to increase resources for the operation and maintenance of project facilities. However, sanitation services are overall viewed as a public good not suited to the "user pays" principle. Moreover, given the dire pre- project sanitation situation in South Tarawa, the principle may not work.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Well-planned integrated urban development investments—possibly including a South Tarawa-wide sewage collection and disposal system along with subsidized toilet and flushing facilities for low-income households— are necessary to substantially address the sanitation issue in South Tarawa. It was recognized from the outset that the project could only be the start of a comprehensive solution to the serious sanitation problem in South Tarawa.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Inadequate staffing levels and frequent staff turnovers make training efforts less effective and sustainable. Under their existing structures, all the key project agencies faced challenges due to the perennial shortage of key personnel, made worse by high staff turnover. Therefore, it has been essential for ADB to continually review staff skills and capabilities and corporate structures, and implement measures to fill capacity gaps.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The government needs to do more to provide leaderahip and guidance to infrastructure projects in Kiribati. The Project Steering Commitee, renamed in 2016 as the National Infrastructure Development Steering Committee, was set up to guide several other infrastructure projects aside from this one. Therefore, it can provide only limited support to the ADB project. Achieving the intended impacts of a major project such as ADB's requires regular and proactive direction from senior government representatives through all phases of the project.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important to tailor impact indicators to what the project can realistically achieve in relation to wider development goals. Two project impacts selected at inception—(i) an increase in per capita electricity consumption from 2,000 kWh (2013) to 3,000 (2023), and (ii) an increase in annual electricity supply from 6,300 GWh (2013) to 15,000 (2023) cannot be linked directly to an increase in substation capacity and SCADA expansion. As such, no reliable assessment can be made on the project's accomplishment relative to these indicators.

Project Number: 46416-002
Project Name: Power Transmission Rehabilitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
It is critically important to conduct capacity assessments and provide comprehensive orientation sessions for implementing agencies( (IAs) at the outset of projects. This is particularly true for new IAs largely unfamiliar with donor policies and guidelines, which in this project, created challenges in aligning activities with established guidelines that in turn led to delays and issues with discrepancies in execution.

Project Number: 46416-002
Project Name: Power Transmission Rehabilitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Strong alignment with government strategies and priorities leads to strong government ownership and participation in program implementation. The reforms adopted under this program were essential to improve fiscal credibility and strengthen the capital market in Armenia. They were fully aligned with the strategies of the government and ADB. Because of this strong strategic alignment, government ownership of the program remained strong and all implementing agencies actively coordinated with ADB to achieve the reform agenda.

Project Number: 53248-001
Project Name: Second Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The absence of a programmatic approach in policy-based loans (PBLs) can put at risk the sustainability of reforms. This program was designed as a stand-alone, single-tranche, PBL and effectively achieved its objective because of strong ownership by and well-coordinated efforts of the authorities and ADB staff. However, the lack of a programmatic approach posed a high risk to the sustainability of the reforms made.

Project Number: 53248-001
Project Name: Second Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Technical assistance (TA) is required to develop the capacity of institutions to meaningfully engage with ADB on a longer-term basis. ADB’s continuous engagement with the country, during and after a PBL, is essential. It allows ADB to keep a foothold in the country, learn about the reforms being assisted by other development partners, remain updated about emerging needs and issues, support sustainability, and help in processing new programs.

Project Number: 53248-001
Project Name: Second Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Dissemination of achievements made under the program is essential for knowledge-sharing and to strengthen ADB’s image as an effective development partner, The program supported the implementation of key reforms that were relevant and highly desired by the government to accelerate the country's economic growth. It is important to communicate the achievements made, with the general public and development partners, to improve knowledge and raise awareness. Communication and public awareness are also essential to enhance ADB’s status and credibility as an effective development partner.

Project Number: 53248-001
Project Name: Second Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Focusing on a single sector enhances the viability and impact of human development programs

Project Number: 51129-002
Project Name: Human Development Enhancement Program
Report Date:
Lesson
TA has a unique value in engaging stakeholders in a comprehensive analysis of sector problems and formulating a realistic reform agenda, as well as in sustaining the reform process even after program completion.

Project Number: 51129-002
Project Name: Human Development Enhancement Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Effective collaboration and policy dialogue with development partners are of utmost importance for the successful implementation of policy reforms.

Project Number: 51129-002
Project Name: Human Development Enhancement Program
Report Date: