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Lesson
Programs such as this should take a holistic approach to measuring and abating air pollution. Although substantial progress has been made, longer-term policy measures to address the ongoing air quality issue in Mongolia are still needed The increased concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide show shortcomings in the program’s overall achievements, along with the concentrations of small particulate matter which remain above World Health Organization’s guidelines, necessitating more policy actions.

Project Number: 53028-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program and Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program – Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
Publication of air quality should be institutionalized to provide a feedback loop to policy makers and to empower the public to assess overall progress. ADB’s participation in the longer-term framework for air pollution abatement will reinforce the feedback and will be an instrument to provide additional assistance that will ensure the continued air pollution reduction in Ulaanbaatar and other urban areas in Mongolia.

Project Number: 53028-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program and Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program – Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
Learning from and drawing on the achievements of past interventions is critical to the success of comprehensive policy reforms supported by the programmatic approach to policy-based lending (PBL).

Project Number: 51199-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Air quality improvements strengthen people’s health and capacity to fight infections

Project Number: 51199-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The implementation and sustainability of policy reforms, which can be challenging, require strong and continued political ownership, commitment, leadership, and coordination among key government agencies.

Project Number: 51199-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Thorough analysis of beneficiary preference, demand, and willingness to pay has to be conducted to ensure that preconceived notions of demand are verified, validated, and confirmed on the ground from the beneficiaries themselves. Very often project proponents from central government agencies have a different concept of needs and priorities from those at the field or local level. Local involvement in project conceptualization ensures greater project success, as there would be better ownership of project components and more accurate identification of needs of intended beneficiaries.

Project Number: 31243-013
Project Name: Integrated Development of Basic Urban Services in Provincial Towns Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Measurement of sector performance and progress in achieving urban economic development and improved service provision, including in those areas specifically related to the Millennium Development Goals and the National Development Strategy, is compromised by an absence of disaggregated data and a lack of clear and measurable indicators. The project did not include monitoring of a set of clear indicators for which data is available or can be readily obtained.

Project Number: 31243-013
Project Name: Integrated Development of Basic Urban Services in Provincial Towns Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Lessons learned indicate the need for (i) detailed project formulation during the project preparatory stage, (ii) adoption of simple and affordable technologies in construction and facility improvements, and (iii) parallel provision of institutional development and training during project implementation. It is vital that relevant institutions and beneficiaries at the local level are fully involved in all stages of project preparation, design and construction.

Project Number: 31243-013
Project Name: Integrated Development of Basic Urban Services in Provincial Towns Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The issue of tariffs is complicated by (i) the high cost of servicing in some areas, particularly the ger area settlements; and (ii) the government's willingness to subsidize service tariffs. The project supported a dialogue between ADB and the government around urban service reform, tariff issues, the application and targeting of government subsidies, and the development of more transparent, efficient and equitable mechanisms for directing such subsidies in public services.

Project Number: 31243-013
Project Name: Integrated Development of Basic Urban Services in Provincial Towns Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The project had only limited, uneven success in raising tariffs, resulting in underfunding of operation and maintenance (O&M). This raises the need for wider institutional and policy reform. The support of ADB and other development partners has focused on helping the government to rebuild assets but has placed less emphasis on building the institutions and systems required to ensure these assets are maintained and used efficiently.

Project Number: 31243-013
Project Name: Integrated Development of Basic Urban Services in Provincial Towns Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Institutional weakness has been a key constraint to timely and efficient project execution and to long-term sustainability of newly created assets. Local capacity constraints were exacerbated by a centralized system of governance, management and decision making. Local infrastructure investments remain largely at the discretion of the central government and local officials lack the budgetary and human resources or skills to maintain assets and to effectively respond to the constituents' needs. The incentives and resources for local governments to strengthen services are limited.

Project Number: 31243-013
Project Name: Integrated Development of Basic Urban Services in Provincial Towns Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Certain lessons have already been incorporated in The Southeast Gobi project, which was approved in April 2010. In contrast with L1907, aimags have primary responsibility for the design and construction of infrastructure, including procurement and oversight of construction supervision. Design and build contracts aim to avoid technical problems at the design stage and shorten the period required for completion of works.

Project Number: 31243-013
Project Name: Integrated Development of Basic Urban Services in Provincial Towns Project
Report Date: