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Lesson
A program cluster approach with prior expected actions enveloped by a medium-term framework with flexibility built into its design is an effective approach to supporting government reforms. It promotes continuous dialogue with the government on reforms and allows for program changes to effectively and efficiently respond to new or worsening risks to the economy and shifts in government policy priorities.

Project Number: 41046-013, 42191-013, 42191-023, 42191-033
Project Name: Support the Implementation of the Poverty Reduction Programs IV and V
Report Date:
Lesson
The consultant's undertaking preparatory work for phases 1 and 2 were not the same as the construction supervision consultant's for all three phases who were also responsible for preparing Phase 3 subprojects. The construction supervision consultant's thus did not have any responsibility for the design of subprojects under phases 1 and 2. This became an issue after the consultant's that had done the preparatory work for phases 1 and 2 had completed their contract and left Viet Nam.

Project Number: 34356-013
Project Name: Central Region Transport Networks Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
A lack of exit planning resulted in no proper plan for continuation of activities and future use of information, education, and communication materials, including websites, interpersonal communication and training materials.

Project Number: 38581-022
Project Name: HIV/AIDS Prevention among Youth Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The project was designed to target vulnerable groups, including the poor, women and children, and ethnic minorities. It mainly targeted poor provinces in border areas, including 7 provinces out of 20 with a predominantly ethnic minority population. The project interventions benefited poor women and children, who are more at risk of communicable diseases. However, based on ADB's results framework criteria, the project is rated unsatisfactory for gender equity. It only partially complied with gender and ethnic minority covenants.

Project Number: 36672-012, 37604-022, 38017-012
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion Regional Communicable Diseases Control Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Participation in key decisions can have a major impact on the ownership of policies and institutional changes. Once proposed changes to the irrigation management companies and water user groups (WUGs) had been revised to take stakeholder views into account, they were enthusiastically taken up by government agencies, local administrations, and the intended beneficiaries themselves. The degree of ownership for the revamped institutions was tangible during field visits and interviews.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Evaluation of the two nongovernment organization-implemented voluntary counseling and testing services demonstrated that population mapping, coordination between government agencies and the recruitment of suitable peers improved service targeting (particularly vulnerable populations). Setting optimistic testing targets that encouraged broad-brush recruitment of clients adversely affected testing results.

Project Number: 38581-022
Project Name: HIV/AIDS Prevention among Youth Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The design of capacity building activities needs to be better structured with a model defining how knowledge and skills will be transferred and including pre- and post-training assessments to measure impact. Without a structure, capacity building activities are reduced to the number of persons trained.

Project Number: 33304-013
Project Name: Second Lower Secondary Education Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Project monitoring was not systematic. An indicator list was prepared during the project's early stages, but the indicators were not adjusted and routinely reported as a result of weak monitoring capacity.

Project Number: 38581-022
Project Name: HIV/AIDS Prevention among Youth Project
Report Date:
Lesson
There are perceptions among some government agencies in Viet Nam that the interest rate should be much lower than market rates and be subsidized. Rather than focusing solely on the financing side, the complex issue of housing for the urban poor also needs to be looked at from the viewpoint of supply side constraints and the willingness of lenders to consider this an appropriate business line. Targeted subsidies that are separate from financing also need to be considered. Again, access to credit is more important than is providing interest rate subsidies.

Project Number: 35497-013
Project Name: Housing Finance Project
Report Date:
Lesson
When policies and views diverge, constructive dialogue is often more rewarding than confrontation. When Decree 115 was promulgated by the government, it directly impacted the loan agreement. While the ADB project team could have invoked the agreement and demanded that either the decree be withdrawn or the project suspended, it chose to conduct constructive dialogue, resulting in a workable compromise. This allowed the physical completion of the project works with its associated benefits.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Financial management requires further improvement through training of provincial staff, timely approvals of annual operational plans, and timely liquidation of advances.

Project Number: 36672-012, 37604-022, 38017-012
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion Regional Communicable Diseases Control Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The procurement capacity of the executing and implementing agencies, as well as the context of the project, needs to be considered when determining procurement methods. Their procurement capacity needs to be developed in order for them to implement procurement methods and accurately follow procedures and guidelines. Tracking of project implementation becomes difficult if procurement documentation does not follow requirements.

Project Number: 33304-013
Project Name: Second Lower Secondary Education Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Project delays were mostly caused by lengthy administrative processes resulting from complex ADB and government procedures.

Project Number: 38581-022
Project Name: HIV/AIDS Prevention among Youth Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Careful poverty analysis, a proper demand and supply analysis for housing, better selection criteria, as well as more pro-poor loan procedures and flexibility in the loan size, term, and use would have enhanced the inclusiveness and beneficial impacts of the project. Given the targeted low-income segment and limited institutional capacity, such projects should not be overly complex in design and difficult to implement. Having a variable interest rate on the loan did not help. Fixed interest rates are more appropriate and preferred by low-income and poor borrowers.

Project Number: 35497-013
Project Name: Housing Finance Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Positive outcomes in terms of cost and quality were associated with using market prices in cost estimates for civil works and involving local communities in the management of works. This fact was appreciated by the government, which valued ADB's flexibility in this aspect of the project's operation. Escalation of civil works costs has been a major delaying factor in numerous ADB-funded projects in Viet Nam.

Project Number: 28309-013
Project Name: Upper Secondary Education Development Project
Report Date: