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Lesson
The imposition of sewerage tariffs needs to be carefully thought out and based on a thorough study, as these could discourage low-income households from connecting to new sanitation services. Sewerage tariffs were proposed based on the “user pays” principle as one of two means to increase resources for the operation and maintenance of project facilities. However, sanitation services are overall viewed as a public good not suited to the "user pays" principle. Moreover, given the dire pre- project sanitation situation in South Tarawa, the principle may not work.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Well-planned integrated urban development investments—possibly including a South Tarawa-wide sewage collection and disposal system along with subsidized toilet and flushing facilities for low-income households— are necessary to substantially address the sanitation issue in South Tarawa. It was recognized from the outset that the project could only be the start of a comprehensive solution to the serious sanitation problem in South Tarawa.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Inadequate staffing levels and frequent staff turnovers make training efforts less effective and sustainable. Under their existing structures, all the key project agencies faced challenges due to the perennial shortage of key personnel, made worse by high staff turnover. Therefore, it has been essential for ADB to continually review staff skills and capabilities and corporate structures, and implement measures to fill capacity gaps.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The government needs to do more to provide leaderahip and guidance to infrastructure projects in Kiribati. The Project Steering Commitee, renamed in 2016 as the National Infrastructure Development Steering Committee, was set up to guide several other infrastructure projects aside from this one. Therefore, it can provide only limited support to the ADB project. Achieving the intended impacts of a major project such as ADB's requires regular and proactive direction from senior government representatives through all phases of the project.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
To maximize impacts, community engagement components along with sufficient budget and post-project continuity plans need to be embedded in the design of projects that entail behavioral change. This project's community engagement component was designed and implemented as a broad-based outreach program to encourage behavioral change in personal waste disposal and hygiene, especially handwashing with soap, across all communities in South Tarawa.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Collection of both quantitative and qualitative data on gender impacts need to be incorporated in the design of future community engagement initiatives. Such data should provide indications on how and to what degree the initiative reduces women's time poverty, improves their well-being, and boosts their ability to engage in productive activities.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
This validation offers the following lesson: although TA design may identify a particular model of consultancy, these needs may evolve during the program requiring adjustment. In this case, in developing a model that responded to the needs of ACMF’s working group on corporate governance, the TA project shifted its approach since the regulators felt that an audit firm (rather than consultants) would lend more credibility and recognition to the validation exercise.

Project Number: 48143-001
Project Name: Enhancing Association of Southeast Asian Nations Capital Market Integration
Report Date:
Lesson
This validation has rephrased the recommendation into a lesson as follows: Providing adequate visibility to partners who have either financed the project or have special interest and stake in seeing its success is necessary to ensure their continued support.

Project Number: 48143-001
Project Name: Enhancing Association of Southeast Asian Nations Capital Market Integration
Report Date:
Lesson
This validation agrees that cooperation and coordination, especially with other ADB departments, is important. This was a missed opportunity for this TA project. It is, however, not clear though why a visit to the People's Republic of China is required or recommended for the next ACMF TA.

Project Number: 48143-001
Project Name: Enhancing Association of Southeast Asian Nations Capital Market Integration
Report Date:
Lesson
This validation offers the following lesson: it is important to work and clearly communicate with ACMF and its working groups to get buy-in to the TA project. This is evident in how stakeholders noted their appreciation to this approach.

Project Number: 48143-001
Project Name: Enhancing Association of Southeast Asian Nations Capital Market Integration
Report Date:
Lesson
This validation offers the following lesson: keeping the stakeholders engaged through national interventions and securing sources of post-TA financial resources (unless the TA project was a project preparation TA) is important especially for capacity building TA projects, to ensure continuity and sustainability of the project.

Project Number: 48143-001
Project Name: Enhancing Association of Southeast Asian Nations Capital Market Integration
Report Date:
Lesson
Identifying critical risks and assumptions are an important element of design. However, design could also usefully identify mechanisms to mitigate these risks.

Project Number: 48143-001
Project Name: Enhancing Association of Southeast Asian Nations Capital Market Integration
Report Date:
Lesson
This validation agrees with the lesson of building awareness for the work done under the TA project. However, it is unclear why awareness-building beyond ASEAN is required for this TA project. One can surmise that it could be for the goals of attracting capital. However, the role of partnership with foreign academic institutions is unclear beyond the publication of potential knowledge products. This lesson or recommendation should then be classified under partnership and cofinancing.

Project Number: 48143-001
Project Name: Enhancing Association of Southeast Asian Nations Capital Market Integration
Report Date:
Lesson
This validation agrees with the recommendation and rephrases this as a lesson: Partnering with operational projects within ADB is an important step in ensuring that other DMCs outside ASEAN can develop their capital markets and improve governance standards of publicly listed companies.

Project Number: 48143-001
Project Name: Enhancing Association of Southeast Asian Nations Capital Market Integration
Report Date:
Lesson
Drawing on lessons from similar previous TA projects can help in robust design that is responsive to DMC needs, isrealistic, and adopts best practice. This could help to get greater stakeholder engagement in complex processes such as regional capital market integration.

Project Number: 48143-001
Project Name: Enhancing Association of Southeast Asian Nations Capital Market Integration
Report Date: