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Lesson
Taking into account issues related to sustainability, it is apparent that the project outcomes can be sustained if the government allocates adequate funds and resources for operation and maintenance based on a rigorous and transparent planning regime.

Project Number: 37680-013
Project Name: Emergency Rehabilitation Project [Loan 2045-KGZ]
Report Date:
Lesson
Emergency projects such as this one tend to be difficult to administer and implement and difficult for ADB to properly guide and oversee. This is because speed is of the essence to restore normal activity, and subprojects tend to be spread over large geographical areas. As such, ADB has to depend not only on review mission diligence but also on consultants and the government agencies involved. ADB’s procedures, while fully adequate for non-emergency projects, tend to slow the implementation of emergency projects such as this one, so due diligence is sometimes truncated.

Project Number: 37680-013
Project Name: Emergency Rehabilitation Project [Loan 2045-KGZ]
Report Date:
Lesson
To effectively monitor and evaluate the project, the MIS need to be installed and operating early in the project schedule.

Project Number: 31647-013
Project Name: Smallholder Support Services Pilot Project [Loan 1652-PNG]
Report Date:
Lesson
Projects that pilot test new approaches need to be designed in a way that they are simple, well focused, and flexible enough to accommodate appropriate changes. In pilot projects, it is essential to have a capacity building component, especially in contexts where weak implementation capacity exists.

Project Number: 31647-013
Project Name: Smallholder Support Services Pilot Project [Loan 1652-PNG]
Report Date:
Lesson
Importance of a database system and information-sharing mechanism. Clarification on the institutional role of each agency regarding IEM and land degradation control provides a clear basis for defining the type and level of data to be collected by each participating agency in the joint and collaborative management of environmental and natural resources. For information sharing to be effective and useful, the institutional value of data should be recognized and access to data should be made available for all government agencies in a timely and practical manner.

Project Number: 36445-022
Project Name: Capacity Building to Combat Land Degradation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Importance of awareness building. Strong awareness among stakeholders, especially the public, on the state of the environment and natural resources is important for gaining support for government plans and strategies for land degradation control and for overall environmental and natural resource management in general. Disclosure of government plans for management, and conservation and protection provides a solid foundation for cooperation in planning and implementing IEM plans and strategies.

Project Number: 36445-022
Project Name: Capacity Building to Combat Land Degradation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Interagency cooperation and collaboration in policy and planning. Improved institutional coordination and harmonization of land degradation policies, legislation, programs, and budgets is needed. Interagency cooperation and collaboration in policy and planning of IEM strategies and plans ensure that complex problems related to land degradation control are addressed following a participatory approach and that government agencies, private sector agencies, and local communities have a clear understanding of their delineated tasks and responsibilities.

Project Number: 36445-022
Project Name: Capacity Building to Combat Land Degradation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Institutional capacity building for establishing an enabling environment. For IEM to be effective and successful, cooperating and collaborating institutions and sectors must be supported by IEM knowledge and skills for policy making, planning, legislation, and joint management of the environment and natural resources. Joint and effective management of environmental and natural resources requires improving the capacities of cooperating and collaborating with government institutions for combining top-down and bottom-up approaches.

Project Number: 36445-022
Project Name: Capacity Building to Combat Land Degradation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Integrated approach to achieving long-term success. International experience demonstrates that an integrated approach is appropriate to achieving long-term success in combating land degradation that is mostly caused by interacting socioeconomic factors (e.g., overexploitation of natural resources, poverty, and population pressure). Participatory and science-based IEM approaches are essential for successfully combating ecosystem degradation, including in dryland areas.

Project Number: 36445-022
Project Name: Capacity Building to Combat Land Degradation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Acceptance and application of integrated ecosystem management (IEM). The IEM approach is highly relevant to combating land degradation in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and is a significant departure from traditional practices and therefore, requires time to become fully accepted. Good progress to date suggests that the full 10-year period, as originally designed, will be required.

Project Number: 36445-022
Project Name: Capacity Building to Combat Land Degradation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The use of a credit line was an effective implementation modality. Significant advantages from longer loan periods, grace periods, and fixed interest rates during a period of high and rising interest rates and markedly lower capital availability supplied a definite demand. The use of fixed interest rates during the current period of declining interest rates has, however, increased the requests for early repayment.

Project Number: 34023-012
Project Name: Plantation Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
There were insufficient financial and governance benefits to merit insistence on an international fund manager when the size of the fund was extremely limited and the duration of funds available for investment short. In addition, project outcome and impact indicators were poorly defined in terms of sustainability and what this represented. There was inadequate consideration of sector financial risks, including wage inflation, and political risks relating to price escalation in the sector.

Project Number: 34023-012
Project Name: Plantation Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Delays were avoidable if the project preparatory technical assistance (PPTA) financing percentages had been retained. During the loan appraisal and negotiation phase, the recommended financing percentages of the PPTA of 70% ADB-30% regional plantation company (RPC) for social amenities and 90% ADB-10% RPC for the social development programs were adjusted to 50% ADB-50% RPC, resulting in RPCs not participating. Given the weak balance sheets and the lack of profitability, the desire for greater ownership through increased financial contribution was inconsistent.

Project Number: 34023-012
Project Name: Plantation Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The government's approval process and processing time should have been carefully assessed during project preparation and reflected in the project schedule.

Project Number: 33165-013
Project Name: Yellow River Flood Management (Sector) Project
Report Date:
Lesson
As democratization develops in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and individual autonomy increases, the formulation and implementation of projects that require voluntary resettlement, such as the village flood protection component under this project, need careful consideration.

Project Number: 33165-013
Project Name: Yellow River Flood Management (Sector) Project
Report Date: