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Lesson
The program included innovations that were new to Bhutan, so qualified local consultants were not available. Yet it was difficult to find foreign consultants who understood the Bhutanese context. The design and monitoring framework did identify �lack of qualified staff� as a risk. For future programs, however, ADB should further refine this risk to capture the tension between external expertise and local knowledge.

Project Number: 39221-022
Project Name: Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprise Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The implementing agency should have been more involved in program design. The Ministry of Economic Affairs' Planning and Policy Division developed the program, but the Department of Cottage and Small Industry (DCSI) was responsible for implementation. The DCSI thought that some components could have been designed differently to improve their impact (e.g., the cost-sharing facility).

Project Number: 39221-022
Project Name: Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprise Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The tranche release criteria were clearly defined. They provided an impetus to achieve tangible objectives that motivated the involved agencies.

Project Number: 39221-022
Project Name: Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprise Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The project experienced start-up delays, because the contractor mobilized slowly and was unable to tie up with suitable local subcontractors. The contractor was also unfamiliar with conditions in the country at the start, which caused implementation delays. The subcontractors contributed significantly, and without them it would have been difficult for the contractor to successfully complete the project.

Project Number: 39176-033
Project Name: Road Network Development Program (Project 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
The project constructed a two-lane road. Subsequent to the start of the project, the government decided to widen the road to four lanes by constructing another two-lane road alongside the project road. The widening works are scheduled for completion by December 2013. The ADB-financed two-lane road was completed in December 2012.

Project Number: 39176-033
Project Name: Road Network Development Program (Project 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Realistic estimation of project and contract duration is important. Inclement weather seriously hampered physical progress in project implementation, especially from August 2011 to February 2012. The contractor had difficulty coping with it, which significantly delayed the completion of works. A more realistic timeframe for implementing a road project should be formulated allowing for unpredictable local weather conditions and other contingencies so that resources can be deployed effectively and efficiently.

Project Number: 39176-033
Project Name: Road Network Development Program (Project 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
More robust due diligence is needed during project design and formulation to enable the closest possible cost estimates and to set aside enough resources to cover contingencies. This can save considerable time. The scope of the ADB-financed East-West Highway Improvement Project, approved in 2005, included two sections of the east-west highway

Project Number: 39176-033
Project Name: Road Network Development Program (Project 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Program design should focus on mplementing reforms not only where commitment is strong, but where resources and external factors are adequate to ensure successful implementation. In the case of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), a persistent and chronic shortage of funding initially compromised its ability to provide effective surveillance and supervision to the capital markets. Additional budget increases still appear necessary to bring Office of the Insurance Commission and SEC remuneration in line with the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, as mandated by Republic Act No.

Project Number: 38276-013, 38276-023
Project Name: Financial Market Regulation and Intermediation Program
Report Date:
Lesson
There should be strong and widespread political will. For example, the Capital Market Development Plan was initiated unilaterally by the Securities and Exchange Commission and clearly was not reflective of industry sentiment and therefore did not enjoy widespread support. In the case of the Office of the Insurance Commission, pressure from the industry to postpone higher required capitalization contributed to a change in the Insurance Commissioner and a reduction in political will in support of reform.

Project Number: 38276-013, 38276-023
Project Name: Financial Market Regulation and Intermediation Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Programs and technical assistance should not depend on passage of law in countries where legislative processes are slow and cumbersome. In this case, reforms to the bank resolution process, such as the authorization of bridge banking powers for Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation, rely on the passage of legislation, and are still pending. The administrative increase in minimum capital requirements for the insurance subsector was embroiled in controversy and delay, but now appears to be required by law, but only following a 7-year delay.

Project Number: 38276-013, 38276-023
Project Name: Financial Market Regulation and Intermediation Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Under the Financial Sector Development Program, the development and approval of key financial sector legislation was an important contribution to sector development. While the delays were inevitable, closer, longterm, in-country dialogue with the government would have been beneficial. This dialogue and close program monitoring will be enhanced by the establishment of a resident mission in Bhutan. ADB has been a long-standing partner of Bhutan's financial sector development since the beginning.

Project Number: 37164-023
Project Name: Financial Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
he use of consultant support with an evolving design requires flexibility. Therefore, packaging all consultant support in large lots through firms is not the best option. Institutional capacity development strategies should consider twinning between Bangladeshi and international institutions to developed capacity in the Directorate of Primary Education (DPE) and other local institutions. The international institutions can continue supporting the DPE after program completion.

Project Number: 30216-013
Project Name: Second Primary Education Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Balancing the combined roles of development partners, as agency staff providing oversight on behalf of the agency and as experts providing technical advice, requires constant attention and reflection to ensure that the government remains in the lead during implementation and that development partners get sufficient information to exercise oversight.

Project Number: 30216-013
Project Name: Second Primary Education Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
A systemic approach to reforming the primary education system is required to address the complexity, complementarity and dependency of issues and organizations in primary education. To design such an integrated approach, a comprehensive subsector analysis to guide the scoping of the program and adopting realistic targets is necessary. The baseline study conducted by Directorate of Primary Education for the midterm review mission performed this function.

Project Number: 30216-013
Project Name: Second Primary Education Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Assessment of executing agency capacity is critical when embarking on an ambitious sector-wide approach and particularly so in a large, complex primary education system like that in Bangladesh with development partners cofinancing the project. The high number of vacancies and limited capacity of the Directorate of Primary Education were acknowledged during the design phase, which should have prompted a need to consider a preparatory phase to get minimum preconditions in place before beginning the implementation.

Project Number: 30216-013
Project Name: Second Primary Education Development Program
Report Date: