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Lesson
Helping island economies strengthen management systems (such as the FMIS), developing realistic infrastructure strategies, incorporating sound governance concepts in legislation, and supporting regulations can assist Pacific DMCs, if these policy actions are accompanied by a TA to overcome human resource limitations and achieve sound economic management outcomes

Project Number: 52073-001
Project Name: Improving Public Investment Management Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Long-term partnerships between government and key development partners are essential for supporting macroeconomic management Pacific small island economies. Partnerships provide a framework for on-going policy dialogue and coordination of support, which facilitates the government’s role in macroeconomic management and provides a foundation to support sustainable development (program-level lesson)

Project Number: 52073-001
Project Name: Improving Public Investment Management Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Development partners should both support and take advantage of opportunities that arise when governments are committed to reform, which should also be recognized in their country programming. the government that came to office in 2018 was strongly reform-minded. Even though Armenia suffered two exogenous shocks in the form of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and conflict with a neighboring country, reform commitment did not waver. This contributed strongly to the ultimate outcome of this program.

Project Number: 51060-002, 51060-003
Project Name: Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
When programs embody reforms that are directed at strengthening the institutional framework for the operation of key markets, such as those underlying financial markets, clearly articulating them in the program documents clarifies objectives. By not doing so, it risks the results of the program not being fully apparent due to the lengthy period for the reforms to come to fruition. By setting as outcome objectives, what the improved framework will lead to places the outcome outside the time frame of the program

Project Number: 51060-002, 51060-003
Project Name: Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Political support, and ultimately political accountability, is an essential component of institutional reform. An early back-to-office report (September 2014) stated that the government appreciated the importance of promoting a better business environment in the context of the private sector’s contribution to growth in gross domestic product. The government set up a Consultative Council on Reduction of Business Inspecting Agencies, chaired by the First Deputy Prime Minister to monitor implementation progress. All policy actions were completed.

Project Number: 47099-002, 47099-004
Project Name: Investment Climate Reforms Program - Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Multidimensional programs need to have a balance on types of indicators but should take care to ensure that progress in threshold indicators can be properly recognized in the design and monitoring framework (DMF). Only 9 of the 12 unique output indicators between subprograms 1 and 2 had been achieved or almost achieved. Of these 9 achieved output indicators, 7 were binary , i.e., they only take the value of achieved or not achieved. The output indicators not achieved had specific numerical targets that had not been met.

Project Number: 47099-002, 47099-004
Project Name: Investment Climate Reforms Program - Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important to properly phase implementation schedules to allow for deeper analysis of output and outcome progress and rectify indicators. All four outcome indicators were not achieved but progress was recorded against outcome indicators related to increases in private investment, internationally certified Tajik firms, and regulatory quality; and in the case of women entrepreneurs was particularly good if measured by electronic tax declarations. This suggests that targets were initially overambitious and/or that outcome indicators should be considered over a longer period.

Project Number: 47099-002, 47099-004
Project Name: Investment Climate Reforms Program - Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
In small island developing countries with limited policy reform capacity, ADB should avoid targeting multiple reform areas in one policy-based operation—i.e., debt management, civil service reform, management of the wage bill, public procurement, and private sector development—and keep prior actions to a minimum.

Project Number: 48361-001, 48361-002, 48361-003
Project Name: Building Macroeconomic Resilience Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Policy reform programs with complex and multiple interventions require rigorous identification and assessment of the political economy and capacity risks to ensure overall effectiveness.

Project Number: 48361-001, 48361-002, 48361-003
Project Name: Building Macroeconomic Resilience Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Actions that demonstrate the achievement of program policy matrix milestones should indicate what has been achieved, rather than the process of their accomplishment. For example, Cabinet approval is an inadequate indicator to demonstrate a successful policy reform in Tonga.

Project Number: 48361-001, 48361-002, 48361-003
Project Name: Building Macroeconomic Resilience Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Programs such as this should take a holistic approach to measuring and abating air pollution. Although substantial progress has been made, longer-term policy measures to address the ongoing air quality issue in Mongolia are still needed The increased concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide show shortcomings in the program’s overall achievements, along with the concentrations of small particulate matter which remain above World Health Organization’s guidelines, necessitating more policy actions.

Project Number: 53028-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program and Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program – Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
Publication of air quality should be institutionalized to provide a feedback loop to policy makers and to empower the public to assess overall progress. ADB’s participation in the longer-term framework for air pollution abatement will reinforce the feedback and will be an instrument to provide additional assistance that will ensure the continued air pollution reduction in Ulaanbaatar and other urban areas in Mongolia.

Project Number: 53028-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program and Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program – Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
Close consultations with the executing agency and the implementing agency would minimize or ensure that there are no interministerial misunderstandings that could delay project implementation.

Project Number: 44507-002
Project Name: Public–Private Partnership Support Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Implementation of complex projects would be enhanced through a careful assessment of whether the necessary institutional and legal infrastructure are in place to ensure that there are no roadblocks that can cause delays in projects getting off the ground.

Project Number: 44507-002
Project Name: Public–Private Partnership Support Project
Report Date:
Lesson
To ensure the success of expenditure management at subnational government level, these entities need to become more dependent on locally sourced revenues over time. Rapidly increasing central transfers can make them more dependent to the national government and weaken their motivation to raise local revenues.

Project Number: 50168-001, 50168-002, 50168-003
Project Name: Fiscal and Public Expenditure Management Program
Report Date: