Search

Displaying 46 - 60 of 96

Lesson
Resilient irrigation structures. The operation and maintenance of agricultural infrastructure built through projects needs to be sustainable. Routine O&M costs have been reduced by the project’s concrete lining of the canals. In addition, the choice of this technology reduces water losses from canals and thus enhances irrigation efficiency and the reliability of water delivery. Where flooding is a predictable annual event, as in the Quang Binh subproject, concreting the top of the dykes and covering it with gravel may prevent damage.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Irrigation infrastructure should be built to last. Frequent damage to irrigation facilities caused by flooding and landslides is a big threat to the sustainability of infrastructure improvements. Considering the poor watershed management in the areas surrounding subprojects and incompatible land uses (e.g., hilly land corn farming above the irrigated rice fields), the construction of irrigation infrastructure needs to improve. Preventive and protective measures need to be taken to guard against recurring intense rainfalls and extreme weather events.

Project Number: 34188-013
Project Name: Northern Community-Managed Irrigation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The community-driven development approach is effective. Although it seems self-evident, this fundamental lesson is often overlooked and needs to be reiterated. Community involvement in planning and responsibility for O&M is a practical and cost-effective way of managing such small-scale systems. The government-enabled community ownership and capacity building approach employed by the project will be useful in other efforts to scale up agricultural development, for example in improving rural health, water supply and sanitation, and education.

Project Number: 34188-013
Project Name: Northern Community-Managed Irrigation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Sustainable O&M and water provision are crucial. Sustainable O&M that guarantees water provision is an incentive for farmers to remain members of WUAs. Farmers tend to withdraw from WUAs if their fields do not receive adequate water flows. Without water delivery to their fields, there was no incentive for farmers to work on land conversion and therefore some refused to invest their resources in converting undeveloped land to paddy fields, which would have increased the irrigated area under the project.

Project Number: 34188-013
Project Name: Northern Community-Managed Irrigation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The state government needs to provide financial incentives to encourage ULBs to take their tariff setting and revenue collection more seriously. Such incentives should be performance driven, and preferably also underpinned by accountability agreements between the state government and the ULBs.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
It is easier to build new infrastructure than to repair the existing infrastructure, in terms of both cost and political benefit/visibility. Local authorities and ADB have focused on new infrastructure in the past. Replacing old and leaky water lines is expensive, not because of the water pipe itself, but because of road repairs and related traffic disruption in busy, already overcrowded lanes and streets. These associated expenditures cost several times more than the water line itself, and are often underestimated.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Tariff reform in the water sector is difficult due to cultural and political sensitivities. As such, a strategic approach to tariffs and cost recovery is needed. It may include a clear timeline to increase tariffs, and address the unwillingness to charge for water and sanitation services. A clear approach to the broader sustainability of the project needs to be set out in project proposals.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Future projects need to develop clear rules and obligations for efficient water sharing. ADB loan covenants need to ensure that city governments, with assistance from state and national governments, resolve cost-sharing arrangements before the project is closed and assets are transferred.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
A chicken-and-egg dilemma confronts the local governments in their efforts to enforce appropriate water tariffs. Consumers would agree to tariff increases only after services have been improved. National government policy is sympathetic to this sentiment. On the other hand, local governments cannot improve water services if they cannot collect adequate revenues.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Integrated infrastructure development also includes optimizing the design of the facilities so that cost is minimized and the service coverage maximized. This may entail sharing the use of a facility between adjacent cities if that is a cheaper alternative compared to providing standalone facilities for each city.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The use of sewage lines for evacuating excess storm drain water has led to problems of overflowing in some areas, so it is important to ensure drainage and sewer networks are separated. This reconfirms that urban sector projects, particularly the ones providing water and sanitation, remain relevant for countries with a high rate of urbanization.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB should promote a policy dialogue for water sector reforms at the national or state level on the best institutional arrangements for urban-rural sharing of water.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Knowledge about local context and political dynamics will be important, as well as investing enough time for dialogue and consultation with local stakeholders.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Intermittent water supply is more costly both for the ULBs and the beneficiaries in the long run. Intermittent water flow increases the risk of contamination in the system (since adequate water pressure is not maintained in the pipes allowing infiltration of contaminated ground water) and reduces the durability of the pipes due to the pressure surges experienced when the pumps come back on. The absence of full-time water supply means customers still have to make an extra effort to collect or pump water from other sources, as well as store and treat the water.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Municipal governments need to strategize how to achieve wider water supply coverage, including exploring cross-subsidies between industrial/commercial users and household consumers, and providing subsidized connections to low-income families.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date: