Methodologies / approaches

Structural and nonstructural interventions require cohesive and integrated program approaches as well as long-term planning. The phased approach taken by this program proved most appropriate, allowing the step-by-step construction of various flood and riverbank erosion management (FRERM) structures while verifying innovative solutions and, in the process, strengthening state and local institutions.

As a key area of development for ADB, climate adaptation infrastructure for flood protection and bank erosion protection need to be effectively disseminated. Structural solutions demonstrated to be effective by the project included (i) riverbank protection works with innovative technologies and prosiltation measures; (ii) upgrade of flood embankments; and (iii) construction of sluice gates and one pumping station to improve drainage.

Integrated flood and riverbank erosion risk management (FRERM) programs are highly replicable. For example, the structural (geotextile bags, high embankments), and non-structural (community-based) approaches were replicated in Kaziranga in the Golaghat district even while the program was still ongoing.

Community involvement was substantial during project implementation and proved to be crucial in integrative flood and river erosion management. Advocacy and capacity development of community stakeholders enabled them to understand the complex flood risk management Cultural norms regarding women's roles in society were carefully navigated.

Strengthening the livelihood base of vulnerable communities in newly protected flood plains is imperative. The approach improved community relations and executing agency. Future grants could better support the participation of marginalized people through in-kind support and/or a participation allowance.

Ecosystem-based approaches provide cost-effective co-benefits in terms of better fisheries yields and non-timber forest products for local communities. The project was designed to emphasize engineering approaches to climate adaptation. While the traditional engineering approaches are quite useful, ecosystem based approaches, such as using mangrove forests in coastal areas, should also be considered.

Community management of irrigation systems has enhanced project sustainability and reduced the burden on the government to use tax money for system maintenance. The project design did not consider alternative ways of managing irrigation systems. There were some attempts to form water user associations in Tamil Nadu, but there was no attempt to promote this concept.

Irrigation infrastructure development needs to be combined with modern agricultural approaches to enhance project effectiveness. These approaches may include climate-smart agriculture, conservation farming, on-farm water use efficiency, integrated water resource management, and crop diversification. effectiveness.

It is good practice to understand the business processes of the executing and implementing agencies during the inception mission and to ensure that these procedures are harmonized in the project administration manual. This practice will help smooth implementation and lessen the likelihood of delays.

Inadequate local counterpart funds obstruct the payment of necessary land acquisition and resettlement costs, resulting in slow implementation and delays, particularly during the initial stage of project implementation.