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Lesson
Close engagement with government agencies is essential and so is partnership with subregional governmental cooperation organizations such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The TA was initiated to assist DMCs’ aviation sector recovery from the global crisis. Due to the urgent need, there was inadequate engagement with stakeholders during the design and planning phase. Specifically, there was less public sector involvement compared to private sector.

Project Number: 55319-001
Project Name: Southeast Asia Aviation: COVID-19 Impact and Short-term Strategy
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Lesson
The government’s internal approval processes need to be carefully considered when designing and implementing a policy reform program. In Viet Nam, the consensus-building approach to policymaking requires significant time and coordination, particularly for policies that would entail changes to the legal framework. The process for amending laws is a significant constraint, as the lawmaking cycle usually takes 5 years. Inadequate consideration of these features of policymaking and lawmaking in Viet Nam could lead to unrealistic program schedules.

Project Number: 49331-001
Project Name: Financial Sector Development and Inclusion Program
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Lesson
Combining finance sector development and financial inclusion under an umbrella framework enables a finance sector reform program to address both supply and demand to further develop the sector. The program as originally designed was to include two subprograms. Technical assistance, provided to help the government continue the reform measures adopted in subprogram 1, was key in supporting many of the reforms programmed under subprogram 2, even as the government elected not to proceed with a second loan. Nevertheless, government elected not to proceed with a second loan.

Project Number: 49331-001
Project Name: Financial Sector Development and Inclusion Program
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Lesson
It is critical that the risk assessment and management plan of the project preparatory technical assistance in the tourism sector incorporate measures to be taken in case of future pandemics. The COVID-19 pandemic led to delays in realizing project tourism benefits. Nevertheless, the ensuing pent-up demand from domestic and foreign tourists seems likely to lead to increases in future incremental visitor numbers, visitor days, and visitor expenditure from each of the subprojects. These increases could contribute to the financial sustainability of the subprojects.

Project Number: 46293-005
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion Tourism Infrastructure for Inclusive Growth Project
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Lesson
The governments' internal review and approval processes and executing agencies' limited prior experience in ADB-financed projects and unfamiliarity with ADB procurement procedures were major contributing factors to the substantial startup and implementation delays experienced by this project.

Project Number: 41444-013
Project Name: Second Northern Greater Mekong Subregion Transport Network Improvement
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Lesson
Spreading a large number of subprojects in a wide geographical area can reduce implementation efficiency and negatively affect subproject documentation and approval. A set of selection criteria guided this sector project’s investment size of approximately $0.5 million–$4.0 million per subproject. This resulted in many small subprojects that were geographically dispersed and generally failed to complement other infrastructure and hence synergize development impacts in the provinces. This was more evident in Phase 1 than in Phase 2.

Project Number: 37097-013
Project Name: Integrated Rural Development Sector Project in the Central Provinces
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Lesson
Viet Nam’s procurement law prohibits executing and implementing agencies from issuing bidding documents until capital resources for the packages have been allocated. The procurement for complex projects may take more than 1 year from bidding documents’ issuance to contract awards. Applying ADB’s advanced actions can mitigate this procurement risk.

Project Number: 39500-013, 39500-023
Project Name: Ho Chi Minh City Urban Mass Rapid Transit Line 2 Investment Program (Tranches 1 and 2, and Multitranche Financing Facility)
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Lesson
Although ADB has no direct relationship with district people’s committees during program implementation, they are in-charge of land acquisition and resettlement on behalf of the city people’s committee. A program design needs to consider this and plan accordingly to equip the relevant officials with the skills and knowledge for effective land acquisition and resettlement, in accordance with ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009).

Project Number: 39500-013, 39500-023
Project Name: Ho Chi Minh City Urban Mass Rapid Transit Line 2 Investment Program (Tranches 1 and 2, and Multitranche Financing Facility)
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Lesson
A granular approach to developing the market for public-private partnerships (PPPs) may be more feasible in Viet Nam and other countries where such a PPP market is still nascent.

Project Number: 44507-002
Project Name: Public Private Partnership Support Project
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Lesson
Mainstreaming gender in teachers and other stakeholder training materials, in addition to providing focused gender training, is effective in advancing gender equality in education sector interventions.

Project Number: 42275-013
Project Name: Second Upper Secondary Education Development Project
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Lesson
ADB confirming with the Vietnamese government the process of allocation and disbursement for each approved grant project will facilitate smooth and timely implementation.

Project Number: 46265-001
Project Name: Energy Efficiency for Ho Chi Minh City Water Supply
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Lesson
Adequate supervision is a precondition for ensuring the timely completion and handover of fully operational, quality infrastructure

Project Number: 40238-023
Project Name: Productive Rural Infrastructure Sector Project in the Central Highlands
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Lesson
Formal organizations and institutional arrangements are necessary to maintain rural infrastructure in good condition.

Project Number: 40238-023
Project Name: Productive Rural Infrastructure Sector Project in the Central Highlands
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Lesson
The design standards of productive rural infrastructure (PRI) need to be consistently updated to adequately address the risk factors associated with climate change and the shifting land use patterns.

Project Number: 40238-023
Project Name: Productive Rural Infrastructure Sector Project in the Central Highlands
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Lesson
Viet Nam’s current e-procurement system is highly efficient.

Project Number: 40238-023
Project Name: Productive Rural Infrastructure Sector Project in the Central Highlands
Report Date: