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Lesson
Difference in the number of affected assets identified at appraisal and the actual count during implementation can lead to delays in safeguards implementation, which can be worsened by the executing agency's lack of capacity and reliance on short-term, limited consulting inputs. There was a 24% increase in the number of affected structures and households during implementation compared to the estimate at appraisal.

Project Number: 38350-013
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB and the executing agency should agree on all terms related to the payment of vulnerable allowances to affected people during project appraisal. Vulnerable allowances under this project could not be paid on time due to the absence of recognition of ADB's resettlement plan provisions in country practice.

Project Number: 38350-013
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) mainstreaming in Nepal's Ministry of Public Infrastructure and Transport (MPIT) is challenging. The MPIT developed and approved the guidelines for GESI. However, operationalizing the guidelines in all ministry operations has been challenging, mainly because of the need to orient staff at different levels. The government's budget allocation for mainstreaming GESI ensures strong ownership, but the budget is not adequate for institutionalizing GESI in the transport sector.

Project Number: 38350-013
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Lack of ownership of design by the executing agency can lead to implementation delays. The project was the first ADB supported project where the design and construction supervision contracts were split. Reviewing and deciding on design changes was delayed because of a lack of ownership over design by the construction supervision consultant's and the Department of Roads lack of timely decisions.

Project Number: 38350-013
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The project’s innovative and sustainable model ─ of shared cost and responsibility ─ is highly replicable and may be scaled up in similar contexts. The project was built on the approach and principle of shared cost and shared ownership between the users and the government. This innovative model of implementation and service delivery has brought about remarkable achievements in improving the people’s living standards in the project towns. People now have access to 24/7 safe water, O&M is smooth, women’s time poverty has decreased, and girls’ school attendance has increased.

Project Number: 35173-013
Project Name: Third Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Lack of ownership of water users of project installations, which could jeopardize sustainability, demands appropriate action from the relevant government agencies. The project’s requirement of mandatory upfront cash collection for piped water supply connections, amounting to 5% of the estimated cost, was meant to generate ownership by the users. However, in many towns, the contribution was not made by the actual users but was raised by donations from community organizations, raising serious concerns about the efficacy of this provision and the eventual sustainability of the systems.

Project Number: 35173-013
Project Name: Third Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Vulnerable groups need to have a voice in determining the mechanisms that will enable them to fully participate and benefit from projects. To ensure social inclusion, the project provided grant funding via output-based aid (OBA) for the construction of private toilets for 100% of the verified poor and vulnerable households. However, the OBA amount was inadequate, resulting in some households not building proper toilets.

Project Number: 35173-013
Project Name: Third Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Project facilities need to be turned over to local governments to ensure long-term operational and institutional sustainability. Municipalities did not exist in many towns at project appraisal. Hence, water user associations (WUAs) led the project. Since the service areas of individual WUAs are now a part of their respective municipality, municipalities are expected to support the operation and maintenance (O&M) of the water supply and sanitation facilities to ensure long-term operational and institutional sustainability

Project Number: 35173-013
Project Name: Third Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Careful selection of nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to be engaged in projects will be beneficial particularly for the poor and vulnerable. Implementation of gender equality and social activities was closely linked to NGO performance quality, which varied significantly among the 3 NGOs engaged by the project. The NGO in Biratnagar demonstrates what can be achieved by a well-performing NGO.

Project Number: 36188-023
Project Name: Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Adequate stakeholder consultations, conducted at all project stages, are essential to building consensus and preventing tensions and disagreements from negatively affecting implementation.

Project Number: 36188-023
Project Name: Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Projects require an in-depth assessment of ownership and use of land. Procurement for the Butwal auto village subprojects (AVS) was severely delayed by land ownership issues. The automobile enterprises were located on land leased from the municipality intended only for establishment of automobile enterprises, but the entrepreneurs used the land for business and residential purposes. These entrepreneurs were skeptical that their existing land uses could continue if they entered into a public-private partnership agreement, and thus protested the AVS.

Project Number: 36188-023
Project Name: Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Bidding documents should incorporate specific provisions requiring permanent local representative from foreign contractors to avoid construction delays. The performance of the contractors for the Birgunj ISWM and the Kavre Valley Water Supply Subproject was unsatisfactory in part because they had no local representative.

Project Number: 36188-023
Project Name: Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Continuity of services of experienced project staff is essential. The project director and account officer positions at the project coordination office experienced high turnover, which affected overall performance, including of project financial management, as evidenced by the outstanding recurring audit issues and multiple delayed submissions.

Project Number: 36188-023
Project Name: Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Incorporation of newly introduced concepts into the design of projects should be based on firm implementation guidelines

Project Number: 49202-001
Project Name: Disaster Risk Reduction and Livelihood Restoration for Earthquake-Affected Communities
Report Date:
Lesson
Subsidized microcredit is highly effective in restoring the livelihoods of disaster-affected communities.

Project Number: 49202-001
Project Name: Disaster Risk Reduction and Livelihood Restoration for Earthquake-Affected Communities
Report Date: