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Lesson
Close engagement with government agencies is essential and so is partnership with subregional governmental cooperation organizations such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The TA was initiated to assist DMCs’ aviation sector recovery from the global crisis. Due to the urgent need, there was inadequate engagement with stakeholders during the design and planning phase. Specifically, there was less public sector involvement compared to private sector.

Project Number: 55319-001
Project Name: Southeast Asia Aviation: COVID-19 Impact and Short-term Strategy
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Lesson
Government leadership and coordination are key to successful sector reforms. The main reason for the delay in completing subprogram 3 was because of the time needed to complete the coordination for a presidential regulation that required more interministerial coordination and agreements than a ministerial regulation. While this additional requirement makes this action more irreversible, overcoming the coordination challenge was not without difficulty. Government leadership for careful coordination was critical in completing this policy action.

Project Number: 49043-001, 49043-002, 49043-003
Project Name: Sustainable and Inclusive Energy Program 
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Lesson
In implementing the PPPs and in establishing the PPP unit, specific actions could have been better emphasized to ensure that such projects are affordable to the poor and that these are gender and socially conscious. Providing varied financing mechanisms for different forms of PPPs—such as viability gap funding, availability-based, and Islamic bond financing—were innovations that could be repeated in future projects.

Project Number: 48134-001, 48134-006, 48134-007
Project Name: Stepping Up Investments for Growth Acceleration Program (Subprograms 1, 2, and 3)
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Lesson
It is important for Indonesia to focus on improving the procedures to enable micro, small, and medium enterprises—the basis of the Indonesian economy—not only to start a business but also to expand the existing ones

Project Number: 48134-001, 48134-006, 48134-007
Project Name: Stepping Up Investments for Growth Acceleration Program (Subprograms 1, 2, and 3)
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Lesson
With the government’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic severely affecting MSMEs, risks from further implications and possible pandemics in the future need more attention in the program’s assessment moving forward.

Project Number: 48134-001, 48134-006, 48134-007
Project Name: Stepping Up Investments for Growth Acceleration Program (Subprograms 1, 2, and 3)
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Lesson
Financing arrangements for TVET across public and private schools need to take account of the broader framework of fiscal devolution in countries with significant decentralization policies.

Project Number: 33409-013
Project Name: Vocational Education Strengthening Project
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Lesson
Inclusive education planning and management decisions in decentralized public management systems require meeting the diverse needs of the country’s regions in a mutually compatible, synchronized, and coherent manner.

Project Number: 33409-013
Project Name: Vocational Education Strengthening Project
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Lesson
The justification of a TVET policy needs to be clear in relation to a country’s labor productivity, competitiveness, and economic growth, and be able to lead to informed decisions about making large public investments in a viable manner.

Project Number: 33409-013
Project Name: Vocational Education Strengthening Project
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Lesson
Future support to developing public-private partnerships (PPPs) in Indonesia would benefit from a clearer identification of the obligations, incentives, and cost-sharing arrangements among government agencies. A more thorough political economy analysis will identify constraints.

Project Number: 40009-013, 40009-023, 40009-33, 40009-43
Project Name: Infrastructure Reform Sector Development Program (Subprograms 1, 2, and 3, and an Infrastructure Project Development Facility)
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Lesson
It is important that ADB and development partners, in general, understand not only the formal but also informal institutional settings, particularly how government officials at different levels interact. A more thorough political economy analysis will identify constraints.

Project Number: 40009-013, 40009-023, 40009-33, 40009-43
Project Name: Infrastructure Reform Sector Development Program (Subprograms 1, 2, and 3, and an Infrastructure Project Development Facility)
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Lesson
The design of integrated water resources management (IWRM) investments has to be simple.

Project Number: 37049-013, 37049-023
Project Name: Integrated Citarum Water Resources Management Investment Program
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Lesson
Strengthen management capacity for decentralized health services. While central and local staff were empowered and received diverse technical training, overall more attention needs to be given to the management of health services in the decentralized environment.

Project Number: 34007-012
Project Name: Decentralized Health Services I
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Lesson
Demand-driven approach to improve the local health situation. The project highlighted the importance of evidence-based and demand-driven project planning and implementation to address local health needs better. The establishment of district team problem-solving empowered staff and encouraged intersectoral coordination.

Project Number: 34007-012
Project Name: Decentralized Health Services I
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