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Lesson
Defining output and outcome indicators that reflect central elements of planned interventions and results chain can convincingly demonstrate attribution of observed outcomes to project-financed activities. In this case, the mismatch between some outputs, outcomes, and their associated indicators raised questions about attribution

Project Number: 45009-002
Project Name: Fifth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Attention to staff turnover at executing and implementing agencies can decrease the risk of misconduct and delays in project implementation. In this case, high staff turnover in the executing agency resulted in the inability to conduct procurement using ADB’s Procurement Guidelines.

Project Number: 45009-002
Project Name: Fifth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Careful political economy analysis can help identify potential legal or regulatory changes on the horizon that could impact planned interventions. In this case, changes in the regulatory framework related to hazardous waste management resulted in the cancelation of one output.

Project Number: 45009-002
Project Name: Fifth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
For the gender action plan, indicators need to be designed to require reporting of baseline and latest data disaggregated by sex for evidence that the practice exists. In this project, indicators such as “MOH public information on drug safety including rapid alert system improved by 2014 (data on persons affected by unsafe drugs are sex-disaggregated)” and “minutes of community meetings and attendance lists were disaggregated by sex” were reported without evidence of sex-disaggregated data.

Project Number: 41243-012
Project Name: Fourth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
It is critical for project design to include key activities and budget for the executing agency and implementing agency to be accountable for realizing the targets indicated in the design and monitoring framework (DMF). In this case, the DMF indicator for “report identifying and addressing constraints on achieving gender balance in senior hospital management” was canceled due to the absence of activities and resources planned at the project design stage to identify and address the gender parity issues in senior hospital management.

Project Number: 41243-012
Project Name: Fourth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important for output performance indicators to be strengthened to address project changes during implementation and measure overall achievements beyond the revised project-benefit levels. Specific to this project, the design and monitoring framework could have provided additional measures to assess what those child-targeted income support have intended to achieve.

Project Number: 54214-001
Project Name: Shock-Responsive Social Protection Project
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB has been at the forefront of social welfare reform in Mongolia. Continued engagement at the country level is key to further strengthening the system through improved targeting, consolidation of benefits, and improved financial sustainability. Although not the aim of the emergency assistance loan, the project highlighted the need for further reforming the system.

Project Number: 54214-001
Project Name: Shock-Responsive Social Protection Project
Report Date:
Lesson

Project Number: 54174-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Rapid Response Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Proposing reforms during crises requires careful risks assessments, including in particular the likelihood of reforms being sustained, and well-prepared mitigation measures. It also requires an in-depth knowledge of the sector in the country through previous successful involvement and will demand intensive policy dialogue to be pursued after the crisis. These conditions, which were met by ADB for this overall project, were essential for the success of the project. Social protection and social assistance programs are politically sensitive.

Project Number: 42322-012
Project Name: Food and Nutrition Social Welfare Program and Project 
Report Date:
Lesson
Technical knowledge in the sector and confident partnership with the sector’s main agencies built up over long-term policy dialogue are required for successful interventions and country assistance in a period of crises. When the food and financial crises required rapid assistance to Mongolia, ADB’s sector knowledge and the relations built up over several years of policy dialogue and assistance were the basis for rapidly preparing a program and project package to assist the government.

Project Number: 42322-012
Project Name: Food and Nutrition Social Welfare Program and Project 
Report Date:
Lesson
Budget allocations and actual expenditures to continually achieve project objectives are an indication of its sustainability. As there was a general lack of a strong legal framework or related reform to support the sustainability of the project, ADB should have used information on budget allocations and actual expenditure for the higher education sector after project implementation to more substantially confirm the sustainability of the project’s results.

Project Number: 43007-023
Project Name: Higher Education Reform Project
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important to include in the design and monitoring framework (DMF) the extent to which capacity-building activities improve trainees' perception of their capacity to perform project-related tasks to gauge the effectiveness of such activities. Most project activities were capacity building. However, DMF targets measuring capacity-building activities were limited to the number of trainees reached which was purely informational for project accountability.

Project Number: 43007-023
Project Name: Higher Education Reform Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Changes in scope could cause a lack of alignment between outcomes and outputs in the project’s results chain. The outcome target indicator for the increased number of disadvantaged students enrolled in HEIs was not linked to the output activity and indicator that the project design intended. By associating an outcome target with a potential output activity that can contribute to its achievement, project implementation activities would be purposeful.

Project Number: 43007-023
Project Name: Higher Education Reform Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Inadequate risk assessments can prevent projects from achieving results. The design and monitoring framework was designed with more assumptions made than risks identified. Overall project implementation was impacted by changes in government, although higher education institutions (HEIs) remained a priority for the government. Identification of risks related to unforeseen changes in government would have informed ADB and the project implementation unit of factors that could prevent the achievement of project results.

Project Number: 43007-023
Project Name: Higher Education Reform Project
Report Date:
Lesson
An alternatives analysis during the appraisal phase could help inform on identifying project alternatives in terms of feasibility of various technical options, and the scale as well as timing of investments. In the case of this program, there were competing views on Ulaanbaatar’s transport sector development. Such an analysis could help enhance buy-in among key stakeholders on the most appropriate alternative to pursue.

Project Number: 39256-023, 39256-024
Project Name: Urban Transport Development Investment Program (Multitranche Financing Facility andTranche 1)
Report Date: