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Lesson
Establishing well-staffed and operational project management units (PMUs) and project implementation units (PIUs) as early as possible is essential for effective implementation. Timely recruitment and mobilization of project implementation consultants will also ensure that technical resources are in place to support the PMUs and PIUs. Delays in consultant recruitment and high turnover in specialized areas need to immediately addresses as these could adversely impact project activities.

Project Number: 41403-013
Project Name: Urban Water Supply Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Institutional arrangements to implement mandatory safeguard polices and reporting systems and gender action plans need to be established in the initial stages of the project. This is to avoid potential delays which could adversely impact project adherence to social and environmental safeguards and gender equality results. Adequate human, rechnical, and budgetary resources and strict monitoring by the PMU and ADB are required to ensure compliance.

Project Number: 41403-013
Project Name: Urban Water Supply Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Managing implementation during emergency situations requires a flexible and adaptive approach. Amod the COVID-19 pandemic, PMU and PIU systems were based on (i) adjusted work practices, (ii) limited staff movements and restrictions on international and national travel, (iii) changes in consultant resource use and approach, (iv) supplier delays and reduced contractor capacity, and (v) assessments of the impact on implementation timelines, and planning extensions, as required.

Project Number: 41403-013
Project Name: Urban Water Supply Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The transition of PWWs into independent corporate entities requires adequate preparation to ensure they have the capacity, technical and financial management skills, and resources for viability and sustainability. To support this transition, the PMU adopted a phased and practical approach, implementing vital actions with training and technical support. The PWWs developed business planning and financial reporting systems and adopted supervisory control and data acquisition systems. The PMU has identified the first PWWs that are considered ready for the next step as a corporate entity.

Project Number: 41403-013
Project Name: Urban Water Supply Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Flexibility in project design is required to respond to changes in subproject scale and adapt capacity support to the changing needs. This project was implemented across eight provinces, with significant differences in the size and scope of provincial waterworks (PWW) subprojects and local capacities. A flexible design was crucial to its successful implementation.

Project Number: 41403-013
Project Name: Urban Water Supply Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Opportunities for advance procurement remain limited in Cambodia because financing is unavailable for detailed engineering designs in advance of loans. This limits the preparatory actions that could be undertaken to improve project readiness. Solutions such as a project design facility are being considered and may be possible from 2024 onwards.

Project Number: 41403-013
Project Name: Urban Water Supply Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The existence of a national sector strategy that serves as a blueprint to identify progress and near-term and future reforms needed to grow the sector is another reason for the suitability of the PBL programmatic approach. Government coordination and ownership of reforms articulated through a series of national sector strategies are necessary to ensure that financial sector development is based on predetermined steps, with each one supported by interagency coordination to achieve broad support for reforms.

Project Number: 44263-013, 44263-015, 44263-016
Project Name: Inclusive Financial Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
With financial services playing a key role in supporting the growth of the real economy while promoting inclusive finance, a comprehensive reform approach supported by technical assistance (TA) is required to make the financial sector more inclusive. As the sector continues to grow and ADB funding is limited, TA and strong development partner coordination are essential to ensure financial resources are strategically targeted, to avoid overlapping or overcrowding of assistance in particular areas at the expense of others.

Project Number: 44263-013, 44263-015, 44263-016
Project Name: Inclusive Financial Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Long-term engagement establishes understanding and trust, which are vital for any reform program to succeed but indispensable for the finance sector, where policy actions such as those relating to interest rates or foreign exchange may involve significant externalities. A new program dedicated to financial sector reform is not in the offing, but this lag provides ADB an opportunity to re-enter the sector and focus on targeted subsectors such as financial inclusion and capital markets.

Project Number: 44263-013, 44263-015, 44263-016
Project Name: Inclusive Financial Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Experience with this program validated the four reasons for the choice the policy-based lending (PBL) programmatic approach as most suitable for the development of the finance sector of Cambodia. First, financial sector development is a gradual process that requires proper sequencing. Key foundational reforms of the banking subsector must be in place before progressing to more complex reforms of the nonbank subsector.

Project Number: 44263-013, 44263-015, 44263-016
Project Name: Inclusive Financial Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Complex processing requirements could limit the uptake and effectiveness of project grants.

Project Number: 38421-013, 38421-023, 38421-072
Project Name: Promoting Economic Diversification Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Proactive interventions are crucial to ensuring that reform programs remain on track.

Project Number: 38421-013, 38421-023, 38421-072
Project Name: Promoting Economic Diversification Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Reform actions have to be sensitive to and sufficiently address the likelihood of institutional resistance.

Project Number: 38421-013, 38421-023, 38421-072
Project Name: Promoting Economic Diversification Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Sustained government budget support is crucial to the success and sustainability of reforms.

Project Number: 38421-013, 38421-023, 38421-072
Project Name: Promoting Economic Diversification Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Capacity building (planning). Road Data Collection and Management Unit staff are still unable to complete a road maintenance planning report with solid budget recommendations, which needs to be improved._x005F_x000D__x005F_x000D_Capacity building (implementation). The overall institutional setup for asset management, construction supervision and quality assurance and/or quality control, still needs improvement to be practically usable.

Project Number: 41123-013
Project Name: Road Asset Management Project
Report Date: