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Lesson
Appropriate procurement packaging and stringent construction management. The project could not enforce international lead joint venture contractor to be present in executing the international competitive bidding (ICB) packages for civil works, whereas national contractors also tended to use subcontractors to implement works.

Project Number: 37266-032
Project Name: Road Connectivity Sector I
Report Date:
Lesson
Project readiness. Based on the government's feasibility studies, the project prepared a long list of indicative sample and non-sample projects at appraisal. The engineering designs were completed during implementation. The project cost estimate increased significantly during the detailed design and procurement stage because of several external factors, and this necessitated a reduction in project scope. This indicates that adequate project readiness should be ensured during appraisal, by advancing detailed design and procurement before project approval and agreement signing.

Project Number: 37266-032
Project Name: Road Connectivity Sector I
Report Date:
Lesson
Fostering the local contractor industry. All civil works contractors for the project were local, and some were small companies with limited access to equipment, financial resources, and skilled and qualified staff. Due to the increasing length of PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram SadhakYojana or Prime Minister's Rural Roads Program) roads to be constructed, the overall industry was overstretched in the project areas. This was a major reason for project implementation delays and became an outstanding issue in the country.

Project Number: 37066-043
Project Name: Rural Roads Sector II Investment Program (Project 3)
Report Date:
Lesson
Implementation delays. The project experienced substantial implementation delays, which led to extra project costs and postponed the project's anticipated socioeconomic benefits. The government should analyze the reasons for these and develop practical measures to prevent recurrence of the same issues, including careful scheduling of project implementation, better contract management, and on-site monitoring of contractor performance.

Project Number: 37066-043
Project Name: Rural Roads Sector II Investment Program (Project 3)
Report Date:
Lesson
The project was the third package under the investment program. It has helped the central and state governments gain more experience and identify capacity gaps and areas for improvement through various project implementation activities. Some of the lessons learned are listed below, and could be considered for ongoing and future projects in the sector.

Project Number: 37066-043
Project Name: Rural Roads Sector II Investment Program (Project 3)
Report Date:
Lesson
Project leadership. The project had two nuclei for management-PCU and Project Management Unit (PMU). Although this arrangement was a risk-mitigating measure since LLDF had no project experience, future projects should have only one project director responsible for the project (e.g., PCU under the Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils or MLGPC was responsible for the overall project, and leadership was under the PMU director).

Project Number: 35201-013
Project Name: Local Government Infrastructure Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Requirement for financial intermediary transformation. For the Local Loans and Development Fund's (LLDF) professional operation, the project established systems, such as loan management software and operational manuals. However, the organization requires a full-time, qualified head to further drive its growth and sustainable expansion. The current part-time status of the chief executive officer will make it difficult for the organization to thrive.

Project Number: 35201-013
Project Name: Local Government Infrastructure Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Standardization. Since the project packages were numerous and relatively small, documents and processes should have been standardized as much as possible for efficiency and quality. For example, project-specific bidding document templates, as well as standard terms of references for all project committees, could have been drafted by the Project Coordination Unit (PCU) and approved by ADB at an earlier stage. Standard documents, reports, and monitoring forms to be used by the Subproject Coordination Units (SPCUs) were introduced on 20 June 2008.

Project Number: 35201-013
Project Name: Local Government Infrastructure Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Adequate support to local authorities. At the outset, it was clear a more robust support system to local authorities for design and supervision was required. Advisors at the provincial council level supported local authorities intermittently, but additional support for preparing feasibility studies, cost estimates, engineering designs, and bidding documents was required for smooth implementation. The project rectified this gap reallocating for additional design and supervision consultant (DSC) consultancy packages and increasing existing consultants' inputs.

Project Number: 35201-013
Project Name: Local Government Infrastructure Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Capacity development requires coordinated institutional and funding mechanisms. The weak local enforcement can be addressed through a good mix of international best practice and contextual understanding. However, the program faced difficulties in the timely recruitment of experts using the country system. The Education Program Support Office (EPSO) partly addressed this issue but was eventually dissolved as a result of discontinued funding, and ad-hoc technical assistance (TA) from development partners increased transaction costs, which is against the spirit of the SWAp.

Project Number: 35174-013, 35174-022, 35174-023, 35174-032
Project Name: Education Sector Program (Subprograms I–III)
Report Date:
Lesson
Prioritized policy actions in the sector-wide approach (SWAp) need to be supported by sound public financial management and supervision, under the decentralized education system. The education quality outcomes hardly improved and fiduciary risk remains substantial. Numerous policies and guidelines were revised at the central level and disseminated at the local level, but they were not enforced in the field due to weak capacity and local politics.

Project Number: 35174-013, 35174-022, 35174-023, 35174-032
Project Name: Education Sector Program (Subprograms I–III)
Report Date:
Lesson
Program design needs to strike a balance between strategic selection of key policy and a holistic approach. Transformation of the education system needs a wide range of reforms and while the ESP included broad policy actions, initial policy dialogue suffered from lack of depth to induce critical policy changes. Sequenced strategic priorities need to be identified through the guidance of the highest ministerial committee, such as the Education Policy Committee (EPC).

Project Number: 35174-013, 35174-022, 35174-023, 35174-032
Project Name: Education Sector Program (Subprograms I–III)
Report Date:
Lesson
For future projects of a similar nature, ADB should consider requiring the implementing agencies to recruit the services of a consultant familiar with ADB procedures to assist with preparation of appraisal scope and cost estimates and the Periodic Financing Requests (PFRs) to avoid major changes in scope and the over-estimation of the cost of both ICB contracts and equity contribution, as occurred for this project. Succeeding tranches of a Multitranche Financing Facility (MFF) program should ideally be timed to incorporate works included or completed under preceding tranches.

Project Number: 32298-053
Project Name: Madhya Pradesh Power Sector Investment Program (Tranche 4)
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB's various clinics regarding environmental and social safeguards, procurement, quality control, monitoring, and reporting are essential for supporting implementing agencies that are new to ADB-financed projects.

Project Number: 32298-053
Project Name: Madhya Pradesh Power Sector Investment Program (Tranche 4)
Report Date:
Lesson
Assignment of experienced and sufficiently ranked technical managers to run the project management units (PMUs), with autonomy to plan, design, and implement the project, will lead to better project implementation.

Project Number: 32298-053
Project Name: Madhya Pradesh Power Sector Investment Program (Tranche 4)
Report Date: