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Lesson
Insufficient technical support was provided to the Government of Palau by ADB at program commencement to assist with the initial work on alternative policy and legal frameworks, including merger and privatization options. Greater use of specialist water utility engineers and water company contractors with wide Pacific experience could have benefited the program.

Project Number: 44031-013
Project Name: Water Sector Improvement Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The RRP outlined that one of the program outputs was the establishment of the policy and legal framework to enable the provision of sustainable and efficient water and sewerage services, including allowing for outsourcing of the management function to a private company. Examples of merged power and water utilities and private sector-run water utilities include the UNELCO Engie in Vanuatu and the American Samoa Power Authority (footnote 9). These types of viable utility options need to be considered during the appraisal of similar programs.

Project Number: 44031-013
Project Name: Water Sector Improvement Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The outcome indicators in the DMF appear to measure the socioeconomic performance of Thanh Hoa City instead of project outcomes. Increases in industrial productivity, tourist arrivals, and employment rates cannot be uniquely ascribed to interventions financed by the project and are not adequate as outcome indicators.

Project Number: 41013-013
Project Name: Thanh Hoa City Comprehensive Socioeconomic Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Appraisal estimates of FIRR as an example need to be constantly reviewed in the course of project implementation—appraisal methodological errors should not be discovered during a completion mission.Sector-level lessons. The special features of the project design needs to be further promoted where possible.

Project Number: 41013-013
Project Name: Thanh Hoa City Comprehensive Socioeconomic Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Consultation was undertaken at appraisal and fact-finding was done by ADB on alternatives to the establishment of the PWSC. However, the change in the government resulted in changes in the sector reform choices undertaken and resulted in less commitment to the program. For similar policy-based loans, the lesson is to develop ownership indicators for programs ex-ante, which are sufficiently robust to ensure that government commitment is maintained irrespective of sector reform pathways.

Project Number: 44031-013
Project Name: Water Sector Improvement Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Additional consideration should have been given to the provision of the following, which addresses particular problems encountered: An independent, external wastewater system design review should have been undertaken to more effectively review design work and ensure compliance with Indonesian design standards;

Project Number: 43255-013
Project Name: Urban Sanitation and Rural Infrastructure Support to the PNPM Mandiri Project
Report Date:
Lesson
More technical input on community sanitation practice should have been included in the CDTA consultants’ terms of reference; and

Project Number: 43255-013
Project Name: Urban Sanitation and Rural Infrastructure Support to the PNPM Mandiri Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The more important role of women in project decision-making processes needed more emphasis in project implementation, especially in urban areas in Indonesia.

Project Number: 43255-013
Project Name: Urban Sanitation and Rural Infrastructure Support to the PNPM Mandiri Project
Report Date:
Lesson
There is a need to ensure adequate outlays for project implementation support. The report and recommendation of the President indicated that the risks of cost overruns for project implementation were mitigated through careful and detailed cost estimation. However, the PCR stated that project implementation support costs exceeded the appraisal estimates. Adequate budget needs to be allocated to support the implementation of location-specific projects that require training and technical advice for local stakeholders.

Project Number: 38015-013
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion: Sustainable Tourism Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Marketing and promotion of the tourism products that were developed as intended in the Pro-Poor Tourism Interventions needs more attention, but it was not clear in the PCR as to what were these outputs and outcomes. A tourism marketing and promotions consultant would be able to link together the tourism attractions being developed into various tourism circuits of the countries and the GMS.

Project Number: 38015-013
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion: Sustainable Tourism Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Given the objective of developing demonstration subprojects that will benefit the poor and the ethnic minorities, a tourism evaluation specialist should have been recruited to document subproject experiences in the two countries to help in replicating these in all GMS countries.

Project Number: 38015-013
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion: Sustainable Tourism Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Resilient irrigation structures. The operation and maintenance of agricultural infrastructure built through projects needs to be sustainable. Routine O&M costs have been reduced by the project’s concrete lining of the canals. In addition, the choice of this technology reduces water losses from canals and thus enhances irrigation efficiency and the reliability of water delivery. Where flooding is a predictable annual event, as in the Quang Binh subproject, concreting the top of the dykes and covering it with gravel may prevent damage.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Financing repairs. The government should take effective financing measures for O&M and repairs to support IMCs and the cooperatives, especially through the provincial people’s committees. Mechanisms to ensure that IMCs and WUGs receive funds at the right time for repairs are needed. At a minimum, WUGs and cooperatives must work closely with the IMCs to ensure timely and effective O&M. The newly established Disaster Management Authority within MARD should play a role in this.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Measures to minimize flood damage. Close monitoring of the condition of the infrastructure is needed and cost recovery measures should be instituted for O&M of: (i) tertiary systems managed by cooperatives, and (ii) primary and secondary systems managed by IMCs and IMEs. The findings of the monitoring exercises should be regularly shared with the central and provincial governments to help MARD and the DARDs prepare budgets and mobilize resources.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Making use of water users groups. Although their autonomy was short-lived, WUGs functioned well using hydraulic boundaries. Project WUGs had their own bank accounts and stamp and the right to sign contracts. They received training in irrigation planning and management and financial management. Empowered water users became fully committed to the infrastructure that was crucial to their agriculture livelihood. It was acknowledged by the IMCs, the cooperatives, and even by DARDs that some WUGs constructed tertiary irrigation canals more quickly and/or at lower cost than PPMUs.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date: