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Lesson
Strong coordination and regular meetings between the executing agencies and ADB teams, backed by governments' strong commitment to reforms are crucial to the success of reform programs. This program was an effective countercyclical crisis response tool that helped Uzbekistan respond to an external economic shock. Strong coordination and regular meetings between the government counterparts and ADB teams were key to implementing the program outputs.

Project Number: 56149-001
Project Name: Building Resilience with Active Countercyclical Expenditures Program
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Lesson
Ownership of the reform process is critical and, given the experience of this, it will remain so. The reform agenda was fully in line with government and ADB strategies and priorities. This allowed for timely and quick support that resulted in comprehensive products. Detailed discussion on outcome indicators at the design stage is critical to finding the best possible indicators for measuring outcome.

Project Number: 51066-001, 51066-003
Project Name: Finance Sector and Fiscal Management Improvement Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
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Lesson
Strong commitment of executing and implementing agencies is instrumental to project success. The project target impact was fully aligned with the government’s high priority for sustainable socioeconomic development. The provincial and local governments listed this project under their priority project pipeline and practical projects for civilian affairs. The provincial and project county and city governments provided full support to the project (policy, technical, financial, institutional, social, environmental, etc.) from preparation through post-implementation.

Project Number: 47047-002
Project Name: Shandong Groundwater Protection Project
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Lesson
Government leadership and coordination are key to successful sector reforms. The main reason for the delay in completing subprogram 3 was because of the time needed to complete the coordination for a presidential regulation that required more interministerial coordination and agreements than a ministerial regulation. While this additional requirement makes this action more irreversible, overcoming the coordination challenge was not without difficulty. Government leadership for careful coordination was critical in completing this policy action.

Project Number: 49043-001, 49043-002, 49043-003
Project Name: Sustainable and Inclusive Energy Program 
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Lesson
The government needs to do more to provide leaderahip and guidance to infrastructure projects in Kiribati. The Project Steering Commitee, renamed in 2016 as the National Infrastructure Development Steering Committee, was set up to guide several other infrastructure projects aside from this one. Therefore, it can provide only limited support to the ADB project. Achieving the intended impacts of a major project such as ADB's requires regular and proactive direction from senior government representatives through all phases of the project.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
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Lesson
Strong government commitment and leadership is critical to the implementation of reforms. In this project, this enabled the successful implementation of policy actions and reforms agreed under the post-program partnership framework (P3F). The single-tranche, stand-alone modality combined with the P3F was useful in bridging a period of high uncertainty, continuing and building on reforms from the previous programmatic approach while providing flexibility to reflect the new government’s priorities in a follow-on medium-term reform program.

Project Number: 55116-001
Project Name: Sustainable and Resilient Recovery Program
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Lesson
Basing the reporting requirements on the monitoring systems of the government’s own response plan and providing dedicated assistance for monitoring and evaluation will help reduce the burden of the government in meeting the reporting requirements of massive budget support, pandemic response programs such as the CPRO. Budget support mechanisms are relatively new for the borrower, as most development assistance is delivered as project funding or through technical assistance.

Project Number: 54179-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Fiscal Response Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Interventions to strengthen sector resilience need to be broadened to improve system readiness for future challenges to learning continuity. After the 2015 earthquake, significant effort was directed towards improving school sector resilience against disasters triggered by natural hazards and climate change. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted new challenges that can impinge on learning continuity, with disproportionate effects on students from poor socioeconomic backgrounds and deprived communities.

Project Number: 49424-001
Project Name: Supporting School Sector Development Plan
Report Date:
Lesson
Strong leadership by high-level authorities is required to carry out in-depth and timely policy discussions across a range of government and other development agencies and stakeholders involved in social protection. To meet the country's significant financial needs in a timely manner, the program needed to be prepared under time pressure. Therefore, strong leadership by high-level government authorities in the government was imperative.

Project Number: 55041-001, 55041-003
Project Name: Strengthening Social Resilience Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
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Lesson
SME policy reforms require strong ongoing political commitment by key government agencies. The Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Program (PSME2) supported government agencies on this agenda to improve the regulatory business environment, the effectiveness of business enterprise processes, access, capacity, and responsiveness.

Project Number: 44057-012, 44057-013
Project Name: Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
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Lesson
Lack of capacity in governmen to continue reforms without external support puts the sustainability of reform projects' outputs at risk. Reforming the sector requires strong ownership and commitment in terms of providing sufficient financing and policy changes to support the reform. Some project outputs—including the textbook rental scheme and textbook provision, online training modules and attestation for teachers, curricula review system, and financing of innovative schools' additional functions—are incomplete as the government still has not implemented them countrywide.

Project Number: 46537-002
Project Name: Strengthening Education System Sector Development Program
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Lesson
Strong government ownership is critical to achieving results. The Cabinet of Ministers, the and other project agencies had to coordinate closely among themselves to ensure that changes in law, decrees, regulatory changes, and board resolutions were implemented in a timely manner. If any intermediate step had been delayed, this would have resulted in a knock-on effect on other outcomes and resulted in delays in the project timetable. The Ministry of Finance negotiated concurrently for budget support from several development partners.

Project Number: 49006-003
Project Name: Electricity Transmission Sector Reforms Program
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Lesson
Public financial management reform is complex and requires long-term commitment and flexibility to maximize development impacts while remaining relevant to the changing environment.

Project Number: 49041-001, 49041-002
Project Name: Strengthening Public Financial Management Program, Subprogram 1
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Lesson
It is important to target monitoring at end-state outcomes. Due to the lockdowns and mobility restrictions; early difficulty in the speed of PEN disbursements was unavoidable. Although the government recognized the need for urgent rollout; poor infrastructure raised the risk of leakage through corruption and led to a slower and more cautious approach than would otherwise have been optimal. A lesson to be drawn from the experience involves the need to target monitoring activities at end-state outcomes.

Project Number: 54139-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The urgency of the lending produced outcomes that, while unavoidable, are nevertheless instructive. For example, target setting was difficult because the contours of the pandemic were fluid. Liaising with the government was also challenging. The timeline for initial response was tight, and ADB worked with a small number of government teams in the interest of speed. This concentrated approach to planning was complicated by the pandemic affecting government officials’ health and well-being personally.

Project Number: 54139-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program
Report Date: