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Lesson
The framework for a program’s data management system should be put in place before its start to measure the achievement of targets and beneficiaries and (the ambitiousness of goals should be balanced against the availability of data and capacity to quickly augment granular data collection. Although the government has increased its focus on gender equality and has made efforts to strengthen gender data tracking, data disaggregated by sex and age of end recipients were often not available at the time of program preparation and monitoring.

Project Number: 56149-001
Project Name: Building Resilience with Active Countercyclical Expenditures Program
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Lesson
Trade facilitation reforms and national single window (NSW) development are complex undertakings requiring much time to be completed. This project's timelines were very ambitious with regard to the NSW component given that it required institutional and regulatory reforms; business process reengineering across multiple government agencies; as well as design, development, and integration of the SWIS.

Project Number: 46124-001
Project Name: Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Regional Improvement of Border Services Project
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Lesson
The lack of organizational capacity and requisite implementation skills also weighs heavily against the attainment of project objectives. Another major reason for poor performance of the PNB was its inability to scale up individual subloans through either the Renewable Energy Services Company (RESCO) or demand aggregation of smaller subprojects, be they in the commercial and industrial sector, MSME, or residential sector.

Project Number: 49419-002
Project Name: Solar Rooftop Investment Program - Tranche 1
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Lesson
The risks associated with single-tranche loans can be mitigated through proper management of the loan proceeds and control of the project cost. The ADB loan was featured to have a single tranche disbursement arrangement to address currency mismatch and hedge financial risks arising from foreign borrowing. In the early stage of project implementation, the full amount of the ADB loan ($90.8 million) was disbursed as an advance and exchanged to local currency.

Project Number: 41682-039
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion Highway Expansion Phase 2 Project
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Lesson
It might be useful to develop a climate finance strategy for the state-owned enterprises(SOE) sector, building on the experience and lessons from this program's. Assessment of the fiscal risks associated with climate change was incorporated into subprogram 2. This highlights the significant role SOEs can play in addressing climate change impacts and supporting the countries climate obligations. Given this, it might be useful to establish a climate finance strategy for the SOE sector, building on the experience and lessons from this program.

Project Number: 54271-001, 54271-002
Project Name: Fiscal Resilience and Social Protection Support Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
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Lesson
Additional measures are necessary for the government securities market to stimulate demand from both retail and institutional investors. The program had several supply-based reforms, particularly around the primary dealer system and government bonds; however, turnover velocity was below the target, particularly for the secondary market relating to government securities. This would suggest that additional demand-based measures are as of December 2023 required for the government securities market to stimulate demand from both retail and institutional investors.

Project Number: 54271-001, 54271-002
Project Name: Fiscal Resilience and Social Protection Support Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
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Lesson
Apart from offering concessional interest rates,ADB and China National Investment and Guaranty Corporation (I&G) could explore providing enhanced value-added services for ongoing and future financial intermediation loan initiatives in air quality improvement or climate change programs. The global economic slowdown dampened enthusiasm for green investments, while the rise in euro interest rates and the reduction of yuan lending rates since 2022 presented additional challenges for green financing eligible subprojects within the greater Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region.

Project Number: 50096-002
Project Name: Air Quality Improvement in the Greater Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region—China National Investment and Guaranty Corporation’s Green Financing Platform Project
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Lesson
Establishing a comprehensive coordination unit for rural health transformation is a gargantuan and complex task requiring dedicated programming and targeted resources. A feature of the intended design, where the project support unit would be integrated into the Department of Health (DOH) to establish a comprehensive coordination unit for rural health transformation, was not realized. The ambition was relevant, and the government’s capability to manage projects to improve primary health care and coordinate partner programs should be strengthened.

Project Number: 41509-013
Project Name: Rural Primary Health Services Delivery Project
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Lesson
Adequate consideration of the legal and administrative contexts of projects and the need for participatory democratic processes is a must to ensure that the timelines for achieving compliance with tariff-related reform covenants are not ambitious, as the case with this project.

Project Number: 38254-013, 38254-063
Project Name: North Karnataka Urban Sector Investment Program (Tranche 4 and Multitranche Financing Facility)
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Lesson
Targeting core reforms is crucial to maximizing program impact. A few policy actions that are critical to improving the effectiveness and efficacy of the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan could have been prioritized, rather than focusing on privatizing public sector enterprises, which can be part of a future reform program dedicated to state-owned enterprise reforms.

Project Number: 53221-001, 53221-002, 53221-003
Project Name: Third Capital Market Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
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Lesson
Policy actions should not include legislative businesses that require the approval of Parliament, which is beyond the executive branch’s control.

Project Number: 53221-001, 53221-002, 53221-003
Project Name: Third Capital Market Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
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Lesson
Setting a high job placement target to qualify for the final milestone payment can can create a negative incentive for training providers to inflate the training costs so as to cover for all their costs regardless of whether or not they meet the job placement target. This lesson, arising from a similar project in Nepal, was heeded by the tranche 1 project that lowered the job placement target from 70% to 60% to ensure that the training providers do not to lose their focus on job placement.

Project Number: 42466-015
Project Name: Skills for Employment Investment Program - Tranche 1
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Lesson
Replacing higher-level skills courses with in-demand entry-level courses can raise the job placement performance of projects. Industry associations initially expected a strong demand for mid- or higher-level technical skills; however, job placements from these courses were more challenging than those from more entry-level courses. Therefore, the outcome indicator related to increased shares of higher-level skills was not increased, and was instead pegged at just about 18%l, which proved more realistic.

Project Number: 42466-015
Project Name: Skills for Employment Investment Program - Tranche 1
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Lesson
A holistic approach, which can lead to overambitious scope and targets, needs to be carefully weighed during the project design stage. This program and its numerous outputs adopted a holistic approach, which might now seem overly ambitious, particularly for the first urban transport undertaking in Ulaanbaatar. A phased approach could have been considered to focus resources on clearly identified priorities and to develop capacity.

Project Number: 39256-024
Project Name: Urban Transport Development Investment Program Imultitranche Financing Facility and Tranche 1)
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Lesson
The objectives and implementation period for sector reform projects need to be well-aligned with the government’s long-term vision and carefully consider existing capacities. This project's overall objective was ambitious as sector reforms require long-term and sustainable interventions, adequate resources, and sufficient time. Increasing student enrollment and rural higher education institutions offering distance education programs were not achievable through a single project intervention.

Project Number: 43007-023
Project Name: Higher Education Reform Project
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