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Lesson
Political support, and ultimately political accountability, is an essential component of institutional reform. An early back-to-office report (September 2014) stated that the government appreciated the importance of promoting a better business environment in the context of the private sector’s contribution to growth in gross domestic product. The government set up a Consultative Council on Reduction of Business Inspecting Agencies, chaired by the First Deputy Prime Minister to monitor implementation progress. All policy actions were completed.

Project Number: 47099-002, 47099-004
Project Name: Investment Climate Reforms Program - Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Multidimensional programs need to have a balance on types of indicators but should take care to ensure that progress in threshold indicators can be properly recognized in the design and monitoring framework (DMF). Only 9 of the 12 unique output indicators between subprograms 1 and 2 had been achieved or almost achieved. Of these 9 achieved output indicators, 7 were binary , i.e., they only take the value of achieved or not achieved. The output indicators not achieved had specific numerical targets that had not been met.

Project Number: 47099-002, 47099-004
Project Name: Investment Climate Reforms Program - Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important to properly phase implementation schedules to allow for deeper analysis of output and outcome progress and rectify indicators. All four outcome indicators were not achieved but progress was recorded against outcome indicators related to increases in private investment, internationally certified Tajik firms, and regulatory quality; and in the case of women entrepreneurs was particularly good if measured by electronic tax declarations. This suggests that targets were initially overambitious and/or that outcome indicators should be considered over a longer period.

Project Number: 47099-002, 47099-004
Project Name: Investment Climate Reforms Program - Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Programs such as this should take a holistic approach to measuring and abating air pollution. Although substantial progress has been made, longer-term policy measures to address the ongoing air quality issue in Mongolia are still needed The increased concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide show shortcomings in the program’s overall achievements, along with the concentrations of small particulate matter which remain above World Health Organization’s guidelines, necessitating more policy actions.

Project Number: 53028-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program and Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program – Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
Publication of air quality should be institutionalized to provide a feedback loop to policy makers and to empower the public to assess overall progress. ADB’s participation in the longer-term framework for air pollution abatement will reinforce the feedback and will be an instrument to provide additional assistance that will ensure the continued air pollution reduction in Ulaanbaatar and other urban areas in Mongolia.

Project Number: 53028-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program and Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program – Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
The introduction of a lease contract for water service delivery was innovative in the Armenia and former Soviet Union state context, which provides a model for other countries to consider.

Project Number: 46220-006
Project Name: Infrastructure Sustainability Support Program (Phase 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
There is a need to determine if public financial reforms should be undertaken within the context of sector investments or separately.

Project Number: 46220-006
Project Name: Infrastructure Sustainability Support Program (Phase 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Dialogue is necessary so that studies and policies can be structured to comply with the government’s requirements. Had this been done during the design stage, the urban public transport promotion policy proposed under the project would not have been rejected.

Project Number: 49232-001
Project Name: Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Air Quality Improvement– Hebei Policy Reforms Program
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important to perform technical and economic due diligence and feasibility before policy actions are recommended and implemented.

Project Number: 49232-001
Project Name: Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Air Quality Improvement– Hebei Policy Reforms Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The number of projects and subprojects to be implemented under any assistance package must consider the absorptive capacity of local contractors, availability of construction materials, and local labor. Close attention must be given to the quality of the facilities and infrastructures built. Utilizing local contractors and labor have their trade-offs, such as implementation delays and deficiency in financial resources, but the quality of the completed facilities is nonnegotiable. This would require closer supervision, frequent monitoring, and faster processing of payments.

Project Number: 44065-013
Project Name: Conflict-Affected Region Emergency Project
Report Date:
Lesson
It is best to allocate available local resources and assistance, including loans based on sector priorities, through a participatory process involving all stakeholders and beneficiaries.

Project Number: 44065-013
Project Name: Conflict-Affected Region Emergency Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Targets and indicators in the DMF of program loans such as this need to be extremely conscious of exogenous factors. There is also a need for ADB program to assign focus areas for policy coordination and monitoring among ADB and other development partners so that respective contributions to policy dialogue under the different program components can be traced.

Project Number: 43191-023, 43191-013
Project Name: Economic Recovery Support Program— Subprograms 1 and 2
Report Date:
Lesson
The integrated approach to disaster recovery operations beyond infrastructure restoration to also include activities directed at restoring livelihood and improving the resilience of infrastructure and economic activity to disasters.

Project Number: 39631-013
Project Name: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project
Report Date:
Lesson
No new lessons

Project Number: 39118-013
Project Name: Cyclone Emergency Assistance Project [Loan 2174-COO]
Report Date: