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Lesson
Future projects need to develop clear rules and obligations for efficient water sharing. ADB loan covenants need to ensure that city governments, with assistance from state and national governments, resolve cost-sharing arrangements before the project is closed and assets are transferred.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
A chicken-and-egg dilemma confronts the local governments in their efforts to enforce appropriate water tariffs. Consumers would agree to tariff increases only after services have been improved. National government policy is sympathetic to this sentiment. On the other hand, local governments cannot improve water services if they cannot collect adequate revenues.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Integrated infrastructure development also includes optimizing the design of the facilities so that cost is minimized and the service coverage maximized. This may entail sharing the use of a facility between adjacent cities if that is a cheaper alternative compared to providing standalone facilities for each city.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The use of sewage lines for evacuating excess storm drain water has led to problems of overflowing in some areas, so it is important to ensure drainage and sewer networks are separated. This reconfirms that urban sector projects, particularly the ones providing water and sanitation, remain relevant for countries with a high rate of urbanization.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB should promote a policy dialogue for water sector reforms at the national or state level on the best institutional arrangements for urban-rural sharing of water.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Knowledge about local context and political dynamics will be important, as well as investing enough time for dialogue and consultation with local stakeholders.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Intermittent water supply is more costly both for the ULBs and the beneficiaries in the long run. Intermittent water flow increases the risk of contamination in the system (since adequate water pressure is not maintained in the pipes allowing infiltration of contaminated ground water) and reduces the durability of the pipes due to the pressure surges experienced when the pumps come back on. The absence of full-time water supply means customers still have to make an extra effort to collect or pump water from other sources, as well as store and treat the water.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Municipal governments need to strategize how to achieve wider water supply coverage, including exploring cross-subsidies between industrial/commercial users and household consumers, and providing subsidized connections to low-income families.

Project Number: 30303-013
Project Name: Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Complementarity of projects and donor coordination would improve operational efficiency. Sewerage construction needs to be fully addressed in the early stage of the project, particularly as it affects the implementation of wastewater treatment operations. Further to this, when the two are implemented by different funding institutions, the need for inter-donor coordination is essential to ensure that project operations and targeted completion are not compromised.

Project Number: 31190-013
Project Name: Tianjin Wastewater Treatment and Water Resources Protection Project [Loan 1797-PRC]
Report Date:
Lesson
The project became effective on 7 January 2004, nearly 1 year after the group company was registered with the HMG’s Commercial and Industrial Bureau on 24 January 2003. Close attention should have been given to revising certain project covenants to ensure that the HMG could continue to follow up on some aspects of water pricing.

Project Number: 33177-013
Project Name: Harbin Water Supply Project [Loan 1995-PRC]
Report Date:
Lesson
Receptiveness for gender development is context specific. During appraisal, one of the benefits identified from the project was to provide employment opportunities to women through the All-China Women’s Federation. At the project’s completion, it was mentioned that women were employed as laborers during construction, and some were given permanent jobs in the IAs. Moreover, there were training opportunities given for skills enhancement. Given the focus on the growing role of women in development, gender equality is inevitably mentioned in ADB projects.

Project Number: 31190-013
Project Name: Tianjin Wastewater Treatment and Water Resources Protection Project [Loan 1797-PRC]
Report Date:
Lesson
While price setting in a tightly regulated market is often an act of balancing a large number of concerns, it is important to give due consideration to the long-term sustainability of the water utility, including investment in its modernization and expansion. If tariff income falls short of requirements (assuming normative operational efficiencies), government support is required.

Project Number: 33177-013
Project Name: Harbin Water Supply Project [Loan 1995-PRC]
Report Date:
Lesson
Bringing in private sector experience yields efficiency. The eventual full participation of Tianjin Capital Environmental Protection Company (TCEPC) in component A was a good demonstration of private sector participation, particularly in bringing about the required expertise in running a wastewater treatment plant. Aside from the Beicang wastewater treatment plant, TCEPC is also responsible for the operations of three other large-scale wastewater treatment plants in Tianjin.

Project Number: 31190-013
Project Name: Tianjin Wastewater Treatment and Water Resources Protection Project [Loan 1797-PRC]
Report Date:
Lesson
The government recognizes that water resource problems in the PRC are related to various economic, technical, regulatory, and other developmental issues, and that an integrated and comprehensive approach is required to ensure that adequate volumes of water of requisite quality are available on a sustained basis.

Project Number: 33177-013
Project Name: Harbin Water Supply Project [Loan 1995-PRC]
Report Date:
Lesson
Involving communities in environmental improvements increases their sustainability. The Yuqiao Reservoir subcomponent involved environment improvements to 68 villages. For such community-based subcomponents, community participation and self-management are effective gateways into sustainable implementation and operation. For similar projects, a community participation and self-management booklet should be prepared by villagers under the guidance of the social specialist at the project preparatory or implementation stage.

Project Number: 31190-013
Project Name: Tianjin Wastewater Treatment and Water Resources Protection Project [Loan 1797-PRC]
Report Date: