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Lesson
The transition to commercial agriculture requires extensive training and empowerment of smallholder farmers. The NRSLLDP aimed to provide farmers with animals to be integrated into their semi-subsistence livelihoods. These additional animals were stores of wealth that were sold occasionally to smooth consumption (e.g., school fees) or support other investments (e.g., motorbikes). With a commercialized approach, the focus is on maximizing a stream of income over a sustained period. This will require substantial changes in the production, marketing, selling, and reinvesting cycle.

Project Number: 35297-013
Project Name: Northern Region Sustainable Livelihoods Through Livestock Development Project (A Joint Evaluation)
Report Date:
Lesson
The move of smallholder farmers toward commercialization requires tailored infrastructure. The NRSLLDP, through the VIF, supported CDD-related infrastructure (such as village meeting halls) at the provincial, district, and local levels. Livestock development and commercialization endeavors, on the other hand, will require new infrastructure to address impediments such as access to water, animal shelters, medicinal supplies, cold-chain, access roads, and market infrastructure.

Project Number: 35297-013
Project Name: Northern Region Sustainable Livelihoods Through Livestock Development Project (A Joint Evaluation)
Report Date:
Lesson
Preparation of sound project feasibility studies is required. With the support of the government and ADB, future conservation programs and projects will need to develop improved implementation systems and provide more practical support for beneficiaries. As mentioned, fishers’ behavioural practices need to be taken into consideration in project design and support for group livelihood activities. Furthermore, technical support for livelihood activities is usually required for a minimum of 2 years.

Project Number: 32176-013
Project Name: Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project Phase II
Report Date:
Lesson
Project assets should have been handed over to fishing communities in project districts. Another impact of discontinuity under the project was poor asset management of social infrastructure. The MMAF did not hand over the constructed assets to the district or village at project completion. It is necessary that all infrastructure built under a project is handed over formally to appropriate institutions before the project ends.

Project Number: 32176-013
Project Name: Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project Phase II
Report Date:
Lesson
Continuity of human resources should be ensured. During COREMAP II implementation, NGOs were engaged for 16 months and facilitated to set up community groups in villages, e.g., MCS groups, coral reef management bodies, and women’s groups. Several months after the NGOs left, district governments (Bintan, Natuna) assigned extension workers, but the NGOs’ engagement period was too short to ensure that the community groups were adequately operational and functional. In most villages, NGO staff were not absorbed into extension worker positions.

Project Number: 32176-013
Project Name: Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project Phase II
Report Date:
Lesson
Coastal communities relying on coral reefs need comprehensive ecosystem management. Conservation and management are both focused on improving coastal livelihoods. Comprehensive ecosystem management is essential for communities’ ongoing engagement in conservation activities. Given the importance of mangroves, more stress should be placed on mangrove conservation nationwide. Strong legislation should be developed to ban the conversion of mangrove areas for shrimp and fish farming and prohibit illegal and destructive fishing.

Project Number: 32176-013
Project Name: Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project Phase II
Report Date:
Lesson
Government buy-in and long-term commitment to conservation is needed. Based on the experiences and achievements of COREMAP, it is essential that every level of government—national, provincial, and district—strongly commits to implementing marine conservation programs and activities. Under Law No. 23, strong capacity to address illegal fishing is required at the provincial level. To make this happen, provinces need to work closely with districts to develop and internalize the capacity to manage costal resources.

Project Number: 32176-013
Project Name: Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project Phase II
Report Date:
Lesson
Resilient irrigation structures. The operation and maintenance of agricultural infrastructure built through projects needs to be sustainable. Routine O&M costs have been reduced by the project’s concrete lining of the canals. In addition, the choice of this technology reduces water losses from canals and thus enhances irrigation efficiency and the reliability of water delivery. Where flooding is a predictable annual event, as in the Quang Binh subproject, concreting the top of the dykes and covering it with gravel may prevent damage.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Loans for the Municipal Development Funds should be implemented as proper financial intermediary loans. The projects were designed as financial intermediation loans largely because the government wanted to disburse funds and execute subprojects quickly. MDF had the capacity and had prior experience of implementing such loans through an earlier World Bank project.

Project Number: 41198-013, 43171-013
Project Name: Municipal Services Development Project and Municipal Services Development Project Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
Financing repairs. The government should take effective financing measures for O&M and repairs to support IMCs and the cooperatives, especially through the provincial people’s committees. Mechanisms to ensure that IMCs and WUGs receive funds at the right time for repairs are needed. At a minimum, WUGs and cooperatives must work closely with the IMCs to ensure timely and effective O&M. The newly established Disaster Management Authority within MARD should play a role in this.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB needs to invest in a good PPMS. The evaluation mission’s difficulty in measuring the efficiency of water supply and road subprojects financed under MSDP and MSDP Phase 2 was the result of an inadequate PPMS that focused mainly on monitoring disbursements and outputs. Baseline data were not collected on the market served by water supply subprojects, such as the number of households, persons per household, water sources, amounts of water produced and consumed, and water loss rates.

Project Number: 41198-013, 43171-013
Project Name: Municipal Services Development Project and Municipal Services Development Project Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
Measures to minimize flood damage. Close monitoring of the condition of the infrastructure is needed and cost recovery measures should be instituted for O&M of: (i) tertiary systems managed by cooperatives, and (ii) primary and secondary systems managed by IMCs and IMEs. The findings of the monitoring exercises should be regularly shared with the central and provincial governments to help MARD and the DARDs prepare budgets and mobilize resources.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Allocations for capacity building components need to be maintained. Discussions and interviews with MDF staff and municipal governments during the evaluation mission pointed to the need for further capacity building of MDF and municipal governments. This was one of the objectives of the projects.

Project Number: 41198-013, 43171-013
Project Name: Municipal Services Development Project and Municipal Services Development Project Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
Making use of water users groups. Although their autonomy was short-lived, WUGs functioned well using hydraulic boundaries. Project WUGs had their own bank accounts and stamp and the right to sign contracts. They received training in irrigation planning and management and financial management. Empowered water users became fully committed to the infrastructure that was crucial to their agriculture livelihood. It was acknowledged by the IMCs, the cooperatives, and even by DARDs that some WUGs constructed tertiary irrigation canals more quickly and/or at lower cost than PPMUs.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Appropriate monitoring systems. The project introduced a project performance monitoring system that made use of GIS and was supposed to be applied by the PPMUs. However, since benefits started to materialize only upon completion of the project, the government was more interested in construction monitoring. After the project, no funds were available for the continued use of the project performance monitoring system and it has been abandoned.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date: