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Lesson
ADB project documents need to be clear on how projects are to lead to sustainable results. The absence of consultants to address issues regarding the legal and technical aspects of O&M planning and funding, measures for cost recovery, tariff collection, and the metering system posed a risk to the sustainability of the water supply and sanitation subprojects. Future projects should include technical assistance that would implemented concurrently with the project.

Project Number: 41198-013, 43171-013
Project Name: Municipal Services Development Project and Municipal Services Development Project Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
Consultation for land acquisition is difficult. In the project, two sections (0.5% of the project roads) are not yet completed owing to difficulty in acquiring the land. The NHAI recently adopted a policy that construction procurements will be started only when more than 80% of land acquisition is completed. However, even if this policy had been adopted in the project, the project still might not have resolved the issues it faced. Land acquisition is a difficult issue in India, and lack of careful consultation with landowners can lead to delays in the acquisition of land for roads.

Project Number: 34420-013, 34420-023
Project Name: National Highway Corridor (Sector) I Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Seamless transport across state boundaries is lacking. The east–west national highway corridor was improved significantly between Chittorgarh and Kanpur, and travel time was reduced. For example, the travel time from Shivpuri to Jhansi (100 km) decreased by 1 hour. However, trucks carrying goods must spend 1.5 hours at state border checkpoints to get tax and customs clearances to cross. The World Bank’s Logistic Performance Index, which ranks 160 countries every 2 years, ranked India 25th in 2016, up from 54th in 2014.

Project Number: 34420-013, 34420-023
Project Name: National Highway Corridor (Sector) I Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Delays in sections outside the project scope in the same corridor can have big impacts on a project. The Kota bypass, which is in the middle of the Chittorgarh–Kota and the Kota–Baran sections, was not completed owing to the collapse of the bridge under construction at the time of IEM fielding. Although the bypass is not within the scope of the project, the delay of its completion affected the traffic on adjacent sections of the project.

Project Number: 34420-013, 34420-023
Project Name: National Highway Corridor (Sector) I Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Build–operate–transfer (BOT) schemes have large risks but can be successful in high-traffic sections. The BOT annuity concessionaire for the Orai-Baran section, with higher traffic than expected, represents a successful case. However, in many cases BOT schemes in India are not successful. BOT concessionaires need to take large risks as (i) lack of achievement of expected traffic volumes owing to external factors such as the unexpected opening of competitive roads and construction delay in adjacent sections, and (ii) delays in land acquisition.

Project Number: 34420-013, 34420-023
Project Name: National Highway Corridor (Sector) I Project
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB-financed project sections should be carefully selected. At appraisal, two sections were intended to be financed by ADB. The Yevlakh-Ganja section involves much higher traffic than the Gazakh–Georgian border section. Thus, the Yevlakh-Ganja section brought greater benefits and greater socioeconomic impact to the project area. If ADB had financed the Yevlakh-Ganja section instead of the Gazakh–Georgian border section, the project might have been rated efficient as the recalculated EIRR would have been higher than the threshold of economic viability.

Project Number: 35457-013
Project Name: East–West Highway Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
A large amount of unused loan should be avoided. Although the actual cost for the civil works sections increased by about 50%, the project still ended with unused loan proceeds of $9.65 million (Loan 2205) and SDR1.40 million (Loan 2206). These were sufficient to finance the local roads, which were estimated to cost $3.8 million. A thorough fund disbursement analysis should have been conducted during project implementation.

Project Number: 35457-013
Project Name: East–West Highway Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Monitoring indicators should be carefully selected. Some indicators for impact and outcome are not readily available nor closely linked to the project. Since data are generally not readily available in Azerbaijan, sources for evaluation indicators should be identified in more detail at appraisal. Documents such as those prepared at appraisal and project completion should include sufficient data for subsequent verification and follow-up. Specific omissions were traffic data, unit benefits, and unit costs that were needed to fully comprehend the economic analysis.

Project Number: 35457-013
Project Name: East–West Highway Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The community-driven development approach is effective. Although it seems self-evident, this fundamental lesson is often overlooked and needs to be reiterated. Community involvement in planning and responsibility for O&M is a practical and cost-effective way of managing such small-scale systems. The government-enabled community ownership and capacity building approach employed by the project will be useful in other efforts to scale up agricultural development, for example in improving rural health, water supply and sanitation, and education.

Project Number: 34188-013
Project Name: Northern Community-Managed Irrigation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Sustainable O&M and water provision are crucial. Sustainable O&M that guarantees water provision is an incentive for farmers to remain members of WUAs. Farmers tend to withdraw from WUAs if their fields do not receive adequate water flows. Without water delivery to their fields, there was no incentive for farmers to work on land conversion and therefore some refused to invest their resources in converting undeveloped land to paddy fields, which would have increased the irrigated area under the project.

Project Number: 34188-013
Project Name: Northern Community-Managed Irrigation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Irrigation infrastructure should be built to last. Frequent damage to irrigation facilities caused by flooding and landslides is a big threat to the sustainability of infrastructure improvements. Considering the poor watershed management in the areas surrounding subprojects and incompatible land uses (e.g., hilly land corn farming above the irrigated rice fields), the construction of irrigation infrastructure needs to improve. Preventive and protective measures need to be taken to guard against recurring intense rainfalls and extreme weather events.

Project Number: 34188-013
Project Name: Northern Community-Managed Irrigation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Ensure that the project performance indicators are appropriate for the time frame. In most education projects, and the DEMP was no exception, the focus of project implementation is on the development of facilities, teacher training, and programs that are only completed near the end of the project. The final achievement measures, however, are generally framed in terms of the number of students intended to benefit from the program. Again, the DEMP was no exception.

Project Number: 33251-013
Project Name: Distance Education Modernization Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Ensure projects have a clear and achievable focus. Apart from its innovative nature, the DEMP was also very broad, with the project inputs spread very thinly. The project included the construction of a national broadband network; mobilization of non-traditional partners including private institutions; capacity building and institution strengthening within the OUSL; development of online courses, which is notoriously difficult and slow; and implementation of these courses with the expectation of rapid, high enrolments.

Project Number: 33251-013
Project Name: Distance Education Modernization Project
Report Date:
Lesson
A sound strategy for sustainability must be agreed. The experience of the DEMP provides a good lesson on the importance of developing and operationalizing sound sustainability strategies. The project paved the way for the establishment of an innovative national online learning system, but the lack of a clear long-term plan was one reason why the concept eventually failed.

Project Number: 33251-013
Project Name: Distance Education Modernization Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Ensure that the investment will be sustained. Fundamental change to education systems is complex and does not happen quickly. When an entirely new system is being created, as it was under the DEMP, it is critical that a commitment for sustained investment is made. Neither the government nor ADB had any interest in a follow-on project. Even a 1-year extension to allow enrolments to continue their upward trend at the end of the project was viewed unfavorably. Innovation and reform require more long-term commitment to be successful.

Project Number: 33251-013
Project Name: Distance Education Modernization Project
Report Date: