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Lesson
Close consultation with stakeholders during project design and implementation is especially needed to address the difficulties commonly arising from finding appropriate sites for solid waste and medical waste management facilities in urban projects. Due to lack of land and higher costs of construction than estimated at appraisal, it was not possible to construct the integrated waste treatment facilities, slaughterhouses, and medical waste management facilities planned under this program. These components were eventually dropped.

Project Number: 39305-013
Project Name: Urban Public and Environmental Health Sector Development Program 
Report Date:
Lesson
Overall project success depends to a large extent on the successful implementation of risk mitigation measures carefully identified at appraisal. Weak institutional arrangements and lack of ownership saddled the implementation of this program. A lack of capacity and coordination among different agencies compounded the difficulties. The difficulties could have been minimized or avoided through the timely implementation of risk mitigation measures drawn at appraisal. The measures should be based on a thorough assessment of all potential risks throughout the project period.

Project Number: 39305-013
Project Name: Urban Public and Environmental Health Sector Development Program 
Report Date:
Lesson
The adequacy and appropriateness of project design have to be tailored to the project’s ultimate objectives and complexities. The PCR provided weak justification of the relevance of the extension and the insufficiency of indicators.

Project Number: 39662-012, 39662-022
Project Name: Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza in Asia and the Pacific
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB was able to use its convening power effectively because it had the necessary in-house technical expertise. Public health experts on ADB's staff with knowledge of emerging infectious diseases were involved in designing and implementing the project. This in-house expertise made the dialogue with the technical and regional agencies to strengthen regional collaboration within and across the animal health and human health sectors possible.

Project Number: 39662-012
Project Name: Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza in Asia and the Pacific
Report Date:
Lesson
Each new outbreak of disease confronts projects such as this one, as well as the implementing partners and global community, with a fresh challenge, because its early spread outpaces the gathering of scientific evidence needed to formulate containment policies. Each successive outbreak is followed by an initial opaque period characterized by a frustrating lack of scientific evidence on which to base policies and technical guidance.

Project Number: 39662-012
Project Name: Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza in Asia and the Pacific
Report Date:
Lesson
The rapid launch and accelerated implementation of the project made necessary by the threat that avian influenza would become a pandemic made it difficult to define verifiable indicators for a number of the outputs under the regional capacity building and regional coordination components. A mid-term review of the project would have facilitated a review and updating of the design and monitoring framework.

Project Number: 39662-012
Project Name: Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza in Asia and the Pacific
Report Date:
Lesson
The project supported the One Health concept, which emphasizes the links between animal health and human health and emerging animal and human diseases. One Health provided a platform for unprecedented integration of animal, human and ecosystem health issues to fight the threat of avian influenza. The systematic collaboration of technical agencies across disciplines, such as FAO (veterinarians) and WHO (medical doctors) and civil society organizations (community health workers) supported by the project has promoted this concept since the beginning of the project.

Project Number: 39662-012
Project Name: Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza in Asia and the Pacific
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB's high-level steering committee demonstrated ADB's institutional support, which enhanced coordination between development partners. The committee, comprising the heads of all regional departments and the Strategy and Policy Department and chaired by the director general of RSDD, provided prompt policy guidance and expedited decisions and actions. It also ensured that the needs of the countries were ascertained and that they had adequate access to project resources.

Project Number: 39662-012
Project Name: Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza in Asia and the Pacific
Report Date:
Lesson
There were clear benefits to the involvement of the resident mission in supervision due to closer involvement and understanding of the local environment. In addition, project documents revealed that review missions in the early years of the project were not adequately apprised, by the PMU or consultants, of the seriousness of the project’s problems. The lesson from this is the need for (i) in-depth analysis by missions, and (ii) the establishment of mechanisms for consultants to prepare realistic reports to the PMU and ADB.

Project Number: 31197-013
Project Name: Community-Based Infrastructure Services Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The introduction of in-kind beneficiaries' contributions should be carefully evaluated in projects where the works are done by contractors and not by the communities themselves.

Project Number: 31197-013
Project Name: Community-Based Infrastructure Services Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Community participation in all stages of implementation, from identification to design to construction processes, is critical for the success of investments.

Project Number: 31197-013
Project Name: Community-Based Infrastructure Services Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Procurement problems can be reduced by introducing prior review of procurement documents. In a sector project with many small subprojects, contracts should be grouped into larger packages to reduce the number of civil works contacts. This will help the PMUs as well as ADB to concentrate more effectively on fewer contracts. Use of clear and stringent evaluation and qualification criteria in selection of contractors should be mandatory, and establishing consortia of contractors should be encouraged.

Project Number: 31197-013
Project Name: Community-Based Infrastructure Services Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Establishing a joint project management unit at sector level can be a more efficient and cost-effective solution and help ensure a harmonized approach among the financing institutions.

Project Number: 31197-013
Project Name: Community-Based Infrastructure Services Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Improving the quality of the feasibility study will minimize uncertainty in identifying subprojects and lead to more precise cost estimates. When subproject cost estimates are uncertain, adequate physical contingencies should be provided in sector projects to mitigate against potential cost overruns.

Project Number: 31197-013
Project Name: Community-Based Infrastructure Services Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Community-based organizations should be provided basic operation and maintenance kits to ensure sustainability of project activities.

Project Number: 31197-013
Project Name: Community-Based Infrastructure Services Sector Project
Report Date: