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Lesson
Wage issues significantly affect the demographics of the teaching projection. The project observed a shift in the demographics of teachers, with an increase in non-minority teachers and a decrease in minority teachers. This shift can be attributed to local wage disparities, which incentivize local women, including ethnic minorities, to seek employment opportunities in higher-paying regions such as Nanning and Guangdong.

Project Number: 47009-002
Project Name: Guangxi Baise Vocational Education Development Project
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Lesson
There is a need to provide employability training and support to enhance the employment prospects of women even in non-skilled jobs. During project implementation, many employment positions were created, primarily benefiting ethnic minorities, including minority women. These positions mainly involved infrastructure work with lower technical skill requirements and cleaning work. While these opportunities were valuable, experience from the project highlighted the need for employability training and support to these groups.

Project Number: 47009-002
Project Name: Guangxi Baise Vocational Education Development Project
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Lesson
Source sustainability issues leading to disruptions in the water supply and contributing to increases in nonrevenue water and infrastructure leakage index consequently impact service delivery and monitoring.

Project Number: 42267-026
Project Name: Rajasthan Urban Sector Development Program
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Lesson
The achievement of project outcomes and outputs and the development impact of the project demonstrate the effectiveness of WSS projects in increasing the economic welfare of the poorest and most disadvantaged people in a country.

Project Number: 35173-013
Project Name: Third Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
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Lesson
The achievement of project outcomes and outputs, and the development impact of the project demonstrates the effectiveness of water supply and sanitation projects to increase the economic welfare of the poorest and most disadvantaged people in a country.

Project Number: 38254-053
Project Name: North Karnataka Urban Sector Investment Program (Tranche 3)
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Lesson
Long-term engagement establishes understanding and trust, which are vital for any reform program to succeed but indispensable for the finance sector, where policy actions such as those relating to interest rates or foreign exchange may involve significant externalities. A new program dedicated to financial sector reform is not in the offing, but this lag provides ADB an opportunity to re-enter the sector and focus on targeted subsectors such as financial inclusion and capital markets.

Project Number: 44263-013, 44263-015, 44263-016
Project Name: Inclusive Financial Sector Development Program
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Lesson
Projects supporting educational reforms such as improving the school dormitory system require a well-defined development plan and multi-faceted approach. Greater support for financial, human and physical resources, and capacity building, specifically support for policy and educational regulatory reforms, helps in improving project sustainability and in turn promotes better access to education.

Project Number: 49168-001
Project Name: Improving School Dormitory Environment for Primary Students in Western Region Project
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Lesson
The transformative policy, institutional reforms, and student- and teacher-centered approaches are key to the progressive improvement of the upper secondary education (USE) subsector in Cambodia. The dropout rate of 8.0% among science scholarship recipients was low compared with the national average of 18.5% in USE, and science stream students performed better in the grade 12 exam in terms of higher scores compared to their peers in the social science stream.

Project Number: 47136-003
Project Name: Upper Secondary Education Sector Development Program
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Lesson
Urban–rural disparity in training outcomes can be wide, partly because of unequal access to industries and the wage labor market. The national apprenticeship scheme and industrial training institutes are closely linked with employers; the scheme has resulted in impressive employment rates. Skills training providers who cater to rural areas have the greatest challenge in creating jobs. Disadvantaged social groups are normally less involved in skills training.

Project Number: 47334-002
Project Name: Supporting Kerala's Additional Skill Acquisition Program in Post-Basic Education
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Lesson
Understanding the Private Sector Small Medium Enterprises (PSME) context is essential both at the design stage and during implementation. A detailed assessment of SME policy and institutional, political, and social context is required, with ADB engagement as part of a coordinated program of support by development partners for SME reform. As achieved under the PSME2, it is important that the supported policy actions focus on a limited number of sequenced, high-impact reforms that lead to development outcomes that are clearly defined and reflected in the DMF.

Project Number: 44057-012, 44057-013
Project Name: Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
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Lesson
Complex projects are better designed and implemented if there is a clear government sector plan that is fully supported both at the national and provincial levels. This was demonstrated by the country's railway development plan and its financial allocations. The national government successfully reached out to a private bank for cofinancing, and the provincial governments had a strong buy-in through their smooth and timely implementation of the land acquisition and resettlement plan.

Project Number: 37487-013
Project Name: Zhengzhou–Xi'an Railway Project
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Lesson
Land acquisition should be embedded in transport policies. As of 2022, the Prime Minister's Rural Roads Program (PMGSY) was being implemented with no land acquisition. Where land is required, only voluntary-based possession is allowed. If sufficient land cannot be pooled on a voluntary basis, geometric design is being compromised. These locations may become accident black spots. Thus, policy amendment is needed in cases where sufficient land for improvement is unavailable voluntarily; permission should be granted for acquisition of land.

Project Number: 48226-003
Project Name: Second Rural Connectivity Investment Program - Tranche 1
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Lesson
The state government should institutionalize road safety training and awareness among drivers and other road users, to help reduce traffic accidents. The project incorporated several road safety features. Although these helped reduce fatal accidents, there is scope to do more to improve road safety. Common causes of accidents on good roads are negligent driving behavior, neglect of traffic rules, excessive speeding, and/or lack of road safety awareness among road users. These problems are further aggravated in mixed traffic conditions.

Project Number: 43574-025
Project Name: Uttar Pradesh Major District Roads Improvement Project
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Lesson
Complex projects, with an intention to have innovative features, including private sector participation, are better designed and implemented if there is a clear government sector plan that is fully supported both at the national and provincial levels. The lack of a clear sector plan in this case resulted in changes in government priorities and decision (i.e., from multimodal to rail-to-rail transshipment, from private operator to state-owned entity).

Project Number: 41192-013
Project Name: Regional Logistics Development Project
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Lesson
Strong technical support and advice from ADB provides value addition to infrastructure projects, particularly for countries where institutional capacity is weak. Support includes the conduct of diagnostic work to assess the capacity of the sector and the institution and determine the risks and discuss the needed mitigation plan. The project was approved during the time when reorganization in the sector was underway. Thus, both the government and the ADB could have built on the momentum to fully take on its first multimodal transport investment.

Project Number: 41192-013
Project Name: Regional Logistics Development Project
Report Date: