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Lesson
The project implementation schedule was amended early in the project to comply with the government's request for immediate action and results via the two- pronged approach. Unless there are clear deficiencies in project design, ADB should resist requests to change the design or implementation arrangements early in implementation, because the original project design should be given a chance to succeed. Corrective action can be taken later as problems become apparent.

Project Number: 38447-013
Project Name: Rural Enterprise Modernization Project
Report Date:
Lesson
It would have been appropriate if management of the project had been transferred to PRM. This would have facilitated communication, supervision, and resolution of issues as they emerged.

Project Number: 38447-013
Project Name: Rural Enterprise Modernization Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The project had a high weighting of consultant inputs in the first 6 months. It is unrealistic to expect that international consultant teams can be on the ground and achieving outputs within such a short time frame in countries such as Pakistan, given the difficulties in recruitment. An alternative may be to phase in international consultant inputs later in the project to allow for a more realistic recruitment process. However, application of the streamlined business arrangement principles should provide greater project preparedness for accelerated consultant recruitment.

Project Number: 38447-013
Project Name: Rural Enterprise Modernization Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The concept of a sustainable self-funding Rural Enterprise Modernization Company (REMC) providing BDS in markets with limited ability to pay was an inappropriate design. The services provided are public benefits, which are traditionally the role of government rather than private companies. The lack of private entities currently providing these services in Pakistan reinforces this point.

Project Number: 38447-013
Project Name: Rural Enterprise Modernization Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Higher proportion of the budget should be attributed to nonstructural aspects, and these should be more closely monitored. It may be noted that the review missions, as typified by the midterm and the final reviews, have regarded these nonstructural measures as having been achieved, without looking beyond the simple passing of regulations.

Project Number: 35081-013
Project Name: Flood Mitigation Project [Loan 2068-AZE]
Report Date:
Lesson
Need for steps to be taken at an early stage to keep the TA on track, and ensure that it is being managed according to the objectives of the loan program that it is supporting. IED’s 2005 SAPE for Social Sectors in Pakistan in fact had anticipated these based on the issues that it identified from the then implementation of SDSSP.

Project Number: 34337-033
Project Name: Sindh Devolved Social Services Project [Loan 2049-PAK]
Report Date:
Lesson
Only priority sites should be surveyed at project design. Identifying a short list, not a long list, of priority sites before PPTA starts is good practice. Frequently, executing agencies in Papua New Guinea (PNG) do not identify priority sites or undertake preliminary analysis, citing their lack of preparatory budgets or skills. This does not foster ownership and passes on responsibility to consultants. In this case, PPTA consultants were asked to survey 12 provincial towns, out of which only 2 were ultimately developed.

Project Number: 31467-013
Project Name: Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Inadequate project design undermines project implementation. Good project design is a basic requirement for project success, and inadequate design can prevent project success. In this case, design did not demonstrate adequate technical understanding of the availability of suitable water or the feasibility of its use for water supply and sanitation (WSS) projects in four of the six provincial towns.

Project Number: 31467-013
Project Name: Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Lower-cost technologies have significant potential to improve public health. The very high cost of servicing small and isolated towns in PNG through reticulated WSS systems means that lower-cost alternatives should be considered. Water prices have risen and will rise further with the Independent Consumer and Competition Commission's (ICCC) regulatory contract with the Waterboard. This improves the commercial environment for the Waterboard, which it may be able to exploit if it can provide improved services more efficiently.

Project Number: 31467-013
Project Name: Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Targeting poor families with grant funds and low-cost technology makes good sense. The low cost sanitation and community awareness and health education (LC-CAHE) component was the most successful part of the project, despite cost overruns and reduced impact compared with the original targets. It combined low-cost infrastructure improvements with vitally needed information to improve awareness and understanding of the need for greater cleanliness and modern sanitation to improve public health. It also involved working with poor communities in a participatory manner to build commitment.

Project Number: 31467-013
Project Name: Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Need to avoid including conditions in loans that depend on passing or amending legislation, or seeking high-level approval, such as from the Cabinet. This was the case in the RMC component that sought annual allocations in the budget for road maintenance. Projects that require legal or high-level administrative changes often experience major delays or fail to meet their objectives.

Project Number: 33243-013
Project Name: Road Maintenance and Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The ability of NGOs and the private sector to make a real contribution to extension services depend on their technical and institutional capacity, and this should be taken into account as a basis for selection. Such a lesson implies that other factors were used as the basis for selection. It also stipulated a requirement for orientation of these organizations, implying that this was not done. This introduces concern as to how successful NGOs and private sector providers actually were.

Project Number: 30228-013
Project Name: Crop Diversification Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The project can point to the setting up of community fisheries organizations (CFOs) and the empowerment of local communities as huge successes in the short and medium term. However, in the long term, the CFOs may come under considerable pressure from outside interests without technical and moral support from the Fisheries Administration (FiA) provincial teams in the field.

Project Number: 33418-013
Project Name: Tonle Sap Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Overall, the project outcome appears successful. However, an important opportunity was missed. The project did not establish a recognized baseline with pre- and post-project comparisons to demonstrate to ADB, the government, and key stakeholders the natural resource management, environmental, community, and economic benefits. It would have been possible to provide well-documented evidence that the project had achieved its primary goal.

Project Number: 33418-013
Project Name: Tonle Sap Environmental Management Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Alternative livelihood programs, while functioning satisfactorily, were focused on individual households, with little built-in capacity for extension. Small-scale livelihood activities must be appropriate to the situation. TSEMP has shown that the most successful small-scale activities are those that people themselves can sustain, given their income, time, and material constraints. Training is a necessary part of livelihood work, particularly if the participants have no previous experience.

Project Number: 33418-013
Project Name: Tonle Sap Environmental Management Project
Report Date: