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Lesson
Provision of optimal environment for change: The project design included community and private sector participation in the delivery of urban services, supported by some concrete small-scale activities. However, the project did not provide clear direction and adequate resources to deliver these activities (para. 46). Flexibility is important in the design of complex loans, but for this flexibility to be used effectively, additional capacity, a guiding framework, and resources should be included in the sector loan, with supporting technical assistance to guide the use of the resources.

Project Number: 37003-013
Project Name: Rawalpindi Environmental Improvement
Report Date:
Lesson
Addressing the fundamentals reforms upfront: Major governance issues of autonomy and incentives to perform, which plagued the key implementing agencies that were the urban service providers, were only captured piecemeal in the policy framework. This allowed these issues that were fundamental for the success of the project to be addressed (or not be addressed) during project implementation. The design also allowed major investment subprojects to be implemented without addressing these fundamental issues.

Project Number: 37003-013
Project Name: Rawalpindi Environmental Improvement
Report Date:
Lesson
No new lessons

Project Number: 29603-013
Project Name: Malakand Rural Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
In situ housing reconstruction prevents disputes and increases efficiency, but it does not allow for improvements in historic patterns of rural, village, or town development; nor does it make possible the consolidation of housing sites and services. There is thus a trade-off between efficiency and overall effectiveness. On the other hand, outsourced reconstruction that allows household relocation by a third party may be more effective, but much less efficient and sustainable.

Project Number: 40563-013
Project Name: Earthquake-Displaced People Livelihood Restoration Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Similarly, the release of the first three installments took less time compared with the release of the final installment. The last installment was associated with superstructure (above plinth level). Such works entail major seismic resistant components. Noncompliance during construction in this phase has resulted in delays in the release of the final installment. Future programs should build in rigorous monitoring and consultation to avoid or minimize substantial noncompliance in the final phase of reconstruction.

Project Number: 40563-013
Project Name: Earthquake-Displaced People Livelihood Restoration Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The owner-driven, in situ approach to post-disaster housing reconstruction is efficient, but only partially effective in achieving the desired outcomes. This is mainly because ensuring uniformity in construction quality and seismic standards is a major challenge when serving large populations, irrespective of the levels of awareness and training of the home owners. This challenge can be partly addressed if there is real-time impact and outcome monitoring, as well as an efficient feedback-and-response loop during the reconstruction.

Project Number: 40563-013
Project Name: Earthquake-Displaced People Livelihood Restoration Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The reconstruction grants of PRs175,000 per household offered by the government was for 400 square foot area. This was substantially lower than the prevailing rates for the desired standard of seismic-resilient construction. About 60% of the rebuilt houses were 500-999 square feet. A pre- and post-earthquake comparison (footnote 10) showed that the overall proportion of houses with less than 1,000 square feet had increased from 65% to 80%.

Project Number: 40563-013
Project Name: Earthquake-Displaced People Livelihood Restoration Program
Report Date:
Lesson
A major effort went into training compliance teams and developing compliance manuals used for spotted and reported noncompliance among the home owners. Employing a third party to monitor compliance directly at the household level may be the best way to get a comprehensive picture of the problems involved in the adaptation of seismic standards. Perhaps a greater focus on the ability of the compliance teams to provide on-the-spot solutions to home owners may also have yielded better results.

Project Number: 40563-013
Project Name: Earthquake-Displaced People Livelihood Restoration Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Reconstruction led by communities can be expedited if house design options take into account the local skills, materials, tastes, geography, and culture. Also, innovative money-saving building techniques need local acceptance to be sustainable, but this may require more time and effort devoted to training.

Project Number: 40563-013
Project Name: Earthquake-Displaced People Livelihood Restoration Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Community involvement in owner-driven rehabilitation and reconstruction programs - through training, inspection responsibilities, and village committees - provides the human resources needed for major post-disaster housing reconstruction efforts. It also creates a greater sense of ownership, helps build capacity, reduce disputes and ensures the sustained use of seismic reconstruction techniques in the long term.

Project Number: 40563-013
Project Name: Earthquake-Displaced People Livelihood Restoration Program
Report Date:
Lesson
To simplify the administration and financing of various subprojects, component-based financing is suggested for area-based rural development projects in which subcomponents will be financed by one financier only, together with government counterpart funding, instead of jointly by all financing sources.

Project Number: 29586-013
Project Name: North-West Frontier Province Barani Area Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Feeder roads, large drinking water supply, and surface water diversion schemes cannot be classified under the umbrella of participatory small-scale infrastructure, as these schemes require specialized technical skills and high operation and maintenance costs. In the future, these should be classified as government-managed medium-scale infrastructure subprojects.

Project Number: 29586-013
Project Name: North-West Frontier Province Barani Area Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Selection of nongovernment agencies (NGOs) at appraisal would have ensured timely implementation of the project. Given the community mobilization as a prerequisite for all interventions, and the problem of political interference in selection of NGOs through competitive bidding, single-source selection at appraisal should be preferred.

Project Number: 29586-013
Project Name: North-West Frontier Province Barani Area Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
A poverty reduction, multisector area development project covering very large isolated areas cannot be efficiently implemented in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa without (i) the Planning and Development Department as the executing agency, which has the essential mandate and institutional capacity for multisector interventions; (ii) a decentralized project management model; (iii) components fully designed with dedicated staff resources, operational costs for implementing agencies, and market-based reasonable salaries and benefits; (iv) flexible, demand-driven design of interventions; (v) minimum benefici

Project Number: 29586-013
Project Name: North-West Frontier Province Barani Area Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Need for steps to be taken at an early stage to keep the TA on track, and ensure that it is being managed according to the objectives of the loan program that it is supporting. IED’s 2005 SAPE for Social Sectors in Pakistan in fact had anticipated these based on the issues that it identified from the then implementation of SDSSP.

Project Number: 34337-033
Project Name: Sindh Devolved Social Services Project [Loan 2049-PAK]
Report Date: