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Lesson
On the other hand, onlending to domestic enterprises as a stimulus measure presents complex challenges. Adequate and transparent risk and cost benefit assessments, and detailed and individual project evaluation are required. In Viet Nam, projects financed through the onlending mechanism of the fiscal stimulus package included strategic sectors such as ship building, steel, cement, and the aircraft industry, in addition to light manufacturing (textiles, ceramics, etc.).

Project Number: 43315-013
Project Name: Countercyclical Support
Report Date:
Lesson
Nonrevenue water (NRW) reduction indicators need to be versified. Expressing the NRW levels in liters lost per connection per day, demonstrates a large variation in results. The best performing systems in terms of NRW ratios--NRW reduction targets are defined as the ratio of unbilled production versus total input capacity in m3/day--are not necessarily the lowest in absolute terms. To get a fundamental idea on actual performance, NRW results should at least be reported in ratios and absolute terms.

Project Number: 28315-013
Project Name: Third Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
However, the government should give consideration to the development of automatic macroeconomic stabilizers that provide an adequate social safety net. The macroeconomic instruments available to stimulate domestic demand were somewhat limited. As in other developing economies, Viet Nam lacks the kind of macroeconomic stabilizers such as unemployment and social security benefits that are triggered instantly as economic conditions worsen. The options used for the fiscal stimulus package included a range of instruments with varying potential for economic stimulus.

Project Number: 43315-013
Project Name: Countercyclical Support
Report Date:
Lesson
Water supply and sanitation coverage indicators need to be simplified. Monitoring coverage ratios requires the monitoring of two independent parameters: physical outputs and population growth. Sometimes this is complicated by a change in delineating the service area of the utilities. Nominal targets are therefore easier to monitor than ratios and are equally functional for assessing achievements.

Project Number: 28315-013
Project Name: Third Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Not limited to the case of Viet Nam, the impact on gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates of the fiscal stimulus package shows the importance of a multidimensional strategy that allowed responding to the variety of challenges posed by the severe global financial crisis of the last few years. In Viet Nam, the strategy included tax cuts, large infrastructure spending, interest rate subsidies, and social welfare programs.

Project Number: 43315-013
Project Name: Countercyclical Support
Report Date:
Lesson
The introduction and enforcement of local regulations on sanitation and environment protection was not supported by the project nor included as a covenant. Although the introduction was still achievable, enforcement would need support from the project.

Project Number: 28315-013
Project Name: Third Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Appropriate monitoring indicators are required. A project framework or design monitoring framework should list SMART (i.e., specific, measurable, acceptable, relevant and time-bound) indicators that, as much as possible, are part of the specified agencies� established monitoring program, such as number of connections, water produced etc. Introducing new indicators should be accompanied by a strong support program because if agencies do not see the benefit of monitoring certain indicators, they will be unwilling to pay for collecting the data, such as the health indicators in this case.

Project Number: 28315-013
Project Name: Third Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Despite a shortened loan processing period, by the time the loan was eventually disbursed, most of the elements of the stimulus package were expiring. To the extent that loan processing could be further simplified and accelerated in the future, the potential impact of the CSF might be assisted.

Project Number: 43315-013
Project Name: Countercyclical Support
Report Date:
Lesson
Project outcome and outputs need resource allocation. The identification and procurement of small-scale sanitation improvements was not carried out through community participation as intended, but directly by provincial project management units (PPMUs). The strong investment focus and the PPMUs� lack of knowledge about community-based approaches should have been identified as risks and mitigated by the project design through resource allocation.

Project Number: 28315-013
Project Name: Third Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
It will take time to discern the impact of the overall stimulus package. Recent fiscal data from the United States have corrected initial assessments of the depth of the economic and financial crisis and, with it, the impact of the stimulus package implemented. Similar trends could be at play not just in Viet Nam, but in other Asian economies that implemented stimulus programs. In that light, perhaps, program evaluation will be more adequately served with an assessment 3-4 years after loan disbursement.

Project Number: 43315-013
Project Name: Countercyclical Support
Report Date:
Lesson
Repackaging the road contracts to make them larger and more financially attractive to bidders was successful and made contract management easier for the provinces.

Project Number: 31367-013
Project Name: Provincial Roads Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The division of projects into many phases consumes additional time and resources and causes delays in project implementation.

Project Number: 31367-013
Project Name: Provincial Roads Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The project encouraged the involvement of small contractors but they lacked resources and expertise and their participation should not have come at a cost in quality and delays. While their involvement in construction was required because they were familiar with local conditions, they needed proper technical and financial support.

Project Number: 31367-013
Project Name: Provincial Roads Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The absence of official records on land ownership made it difficult and time consuming to pay compensation to and rehabilitate people affected by the project. The PDOTs should approach the responsible local administrations well in advance of this kind of project either themselves or through specialized agencies to ensure that records are available to implement resettlement when construction begins.

Project Number: 31367-013
Project Name: Provincial Roads Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The views of the provinces on requirements in the road classification and design - for instance, their preference for paved shoulders over earthen shoulders to better accommodate larger, two-way traffic - should have been adequately addressed at project conceptualization and or at project design and formulation stage.

Project Number: 31367-013
Project Name: Provincial Roads Improvement Sector Project
Report Date: