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Lesson
A policy-based loan needs a clearly articulated policy matrix and performance indicators with direct linkages to the design and monitoring framework (DMF) to allow results to be attributed to policy actions. In many instances, it was difficult to attribute reported achievements to policy actions supported by the program. This affected the understanding of the program’s effectiveness. The results chain of a policy-based loan should be explicitly presented in the project documents and the DMF indicators should fully reflect intended outcomes of the selected policy actions.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Results-based lending may be more suitable than policy-based lending for sector-wide approach, as they require a broad range of interventions implemented step by step and with appropriate incentives. When the program was approved, results-based lending was not yet available at ADB. The decision to opt for a policy-based lending modality was adequate, as it was the most suitable modality available at the time. However, the School Sector Reform Plan involved different types of initiatives, ranging from policy reforms to specific ground-level interventions.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The intensive involvement of the resident mission is crucial to the successful implementation of a program supporting a sector-wide approach (SWAp). Close coordination with development partners and regular consultations with government counterparts take on greater importance in a SWAp, as was illustrated under the program. Appointing a focal person at the resident mission can help in addressing issues as they emerge, and in ensuring ongoing participation in policy dialogue and joint review meetings.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important to perform technical and economic due diligence and feasibility before policy actions are recommended and implemented.

Project Number: 49232-001
Project Name: Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Air Quality Improvement– Hebei Policy Reforms Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Dialogue is necessary so that studies and policies can be structured to comply with the government’s requirements. Had this been done during the design stage, the urban public transport promotion policy proposed under the project would not have been rejected.

Project Number: 49232-001
Project Name: Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Air Quality Improvement– Hebei Policy Reforms Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Greater consideration should be given to ensuring the availability of data sources when preparing DMF indicators. Reliable data for the assessment of impact indicators pertaining to MMR and life-expectancy could not be sourced, despite DMF indicators being revised at implementation to enable objective measurement.

Project Number: 40354-013
Project Name: Health Human Resources Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The nonachievement of outputs related to the implementation of case-based payment mechanisms underlines the importance of ensuring stakeholders beyond target hospitals, such as Viet Nam Social Security, are engaged in initiatives for hospital financing reform.

Project Number: 40354-013
Project Name: Health Human Resources Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The program’s implementation delays mirror the experience of other ADB health sector investments, indicating constraints to project readiness in the MOH. ADB and the MOH should engage in deeper dialogue to identify project readiness actions for future investment projects.

Project Number: 40354-013
Project Name: Health Human Resources Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The central role of Viet Nam’s tier-one HPTIs in supporting the development of lower-level HPTIs nationwide was illustrated under the program. HMU, UMP, and Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy each played mentoring roles to the second and third tier HPTIs involved in the program, across areas pertaining to accreditation, curriculum development, faculty development programs, and CME delivery, among others.

Project Number: 40354-013
Project Name: Health Human Resources Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The program demonstrated the value addition of the SDP modality in supporting a government-led reform agenda, where operationalizing reforms requires policy and regulatory actions coupled with stimulus from targeted investments. Drawing on its successful experience implementing the program, the MOH has elected to pursue an SDP modality to deliver its reform agenda for the local health care system.

Project Number: 40354-013
Project Name: Health Human Resources Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Project procurement plan should be developed in close consultation with the executing agency and resident mission staff in charge of project implementation, considering the lessons under other projects, and be flexibly adjusted. Time-consuming recruitment of many consultants along with unsuitable selection methods resulted in implementation delays. For future projects of similar nature and scope, suitable procurement packaging and selection methods should be set up based on the requirements for project progress and capacity of the EA and/or IAs.

Project Number: 42080-013
Project Name: Strengthening Water Management and Irrigation Systems Rehabilitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Advance actions were one of the measures to reduce project startup delay. However, there seems to be inadequate clarity on implementing advance actions in the government rules, and a good mechanism to make the subproject civil works ready for execution before or right after the project becomes effective. Currently, government control over the provincial debt ceiling and implementation of relevant budget management policies also contribute to startup delays and, therefore, limit project readiness.

Project Number: 42080-013
Project Name: Strengthening Water Management and Irrigation Systems Rehabilitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
A coherent design and monitoring framework (DMF) is necessary as a basis for project planning, monitoring, and evaluation. The DMF for this project made evaluation a more difficult exercise than it should have been and weakened design relevance. The outcome indicator is too technical, unfamiliar to the executing agency, and was difficult to reevaluate.

Project Number: 42080-013
Project Name: Strengthening Water Management and Irrigation Systems Rehabilitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Having a strong, experienced executing agency was important to the success of this project. The professional, permanent and technical central project office (CPO) added value to project implementation and the quality of project outputs. However, for new similar projects, these implementation arrangements, where a central ministry such as Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) work as the executing agency, is in principle no longer possible in accordance with the new government policy.

Project Number: 42080-013
Project Name: Strengthening Water Management and Irrigation Systems Rehabilitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Safeguards policy implementation is strengthened by proactive interventions to empower women through their participation, voice and leadership. This has been the experience of organizing consultations for vulnerable women-headed households during the land acquisition and resettlement due diligence process and those affected by (post) resettlement.

Project Number: 42080-013
Project Name: Strengthening Water Management and Irrigation Systems Rehabilitation Project
Report Date: