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Lesson
Land acquisition issues in PNG are more difficult to resolve than in other countries, as 97% of land is customarily owned. In this project, In this project, In this project, they were harder to contend with than expected at design stage due to changes in weather patterns that affected travel plans, with many of the sites located at sea. In a project as widely dispersed geographically as this one, more time will also have to be allowed for site access and community engagement activities.

Project Number: 44375-013
Project Name: Maritime and Waterways Safety Project
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Lesson
Based on the experience from this TA, comprehensive contingency plans need to be in place to address potential disruptions or changes in future energy projects. These plans should account for geopolitical, economic, and environmental factors. Moreover, it is important to encourage diversification of energy sources to reduce reliance on a single resource. Exploring renewable energy options, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, to enhance the resilience of energy projects and prioritizing sustainability in all energy projects are particularly important in this regard.

Project Number: 44184-012
Project Name: Afghanistan and Turkmenistan: Regional Power Interconnection Project
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Lesson
To avoid and minimize adverse project impact, engineering and social safeguard teams need to work closely to ensure land acquisition and compensation are in line with the approved detailed engineering designs.

Project Number: 46293-003
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion Tourism Infrastructure for Inclusive Growth Project
Report Date:
Lesson
When implementing land acquisition and resettlement activities, affected households, particularly ethnic minorities, must be adequately engaged in a culturally appropriate way, and their needs and willingness should be appropriately factored in during resettlement site selection and new house design. Meanwhile, an income restoration program should be properly designed and timed for implementation before the displacement of affected households. Diversification of livelihood options and income sources can help them better cope with displacement.

Project Number: 46040-003
Project Name: Yunnan Pu'er Regional Integrated Road Network Development Project
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Lesson
Institutional arrangements to implement mandatory safeguard polices and reporting systems and gender action plans need to be established in the initial stages of the project. This is to avoid potential delays which could adversely impact project adherence to social and environmental safeguards and gender equality results. Adequate human, rechnical, and budgetary resources and strict monitoring by the PMU and ADB are required to ensure compliance.

Project Number: 41403-013
Project Name: Urban Water Supply Project
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Lesson
Substantial cost overruns could result from inadequate detailed design, new legislation (e.g., banning slow-moving traffic from highways), changes in pavement composition to address climate change impacts and overloading, constructability issues, unforeseen project features, and road safety and traffic issues.

Project Number: 40540-014, 40540-017
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
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Lesson
issues, unforeseen project features, and road safety and traffic issues

Project Number: 46040-003
Project Name: Yunnan Pu'er Regional Integrated Road Network Development Project
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Lesson
Land acquisition procedures, processes, consultations, and reporting are complex in Viet Nam, not least because of the number of agencies involved. Therefore, more time, energy, and expertise need to be allocated to project land clearance and subsequent resettlement compensation.

Project Number: 46293-005
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion Tourism Infrastructure for Inclusive Growth Project
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Lesson
Effective and efficient implementation of large-scale land acquisition and resettlement activities depends largely on strong political will and commitment at all levels of the government. An executing agency needs to be proactive and initiate close working relationships with local authorities to resolve identified issues on the ground. Local communities, particularly affected households, must be engaged and their concerns should be adequately factored in by project design.

Project Number: 41444-013
Project Name: Second Northern Greater Mekong Subregion Transport Network Improvement
Report Date:
Lesson
The need for proper arrangements to meet customary ceremony requirements, which can cause delays, should be anticipated in future project designs. For example, because a sacred cemetery to the community was identified at the construction site of a project package, a customary ceremony was needed and conducted to meet the local community's religious requirements.

Project Number: 41074-013
Project Name: West Kalimantan Power Grid Strengthening Project
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Lesson
A draft proposal on income restoration and rehabilitation programs need to be prepared along with the safeguard plans to avoid delays in safeguards implementation. In this project, contractors of four packages should have deployed fulltime environmental and occupational safety and health personnel to raise awareness and enforce the safeguard requirements for subcontractors and workers.

Project Number: 41074-013
Project Name: West Kalimantan Power Grid Strengthening Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Project costing at design stage should realiably estimate the costs of all civil and other engineering costs and provide allowance for foreign currency fluctuations. The actual cost of one irrigation scheme turned out some $10 million greater than estimated at approval. This resulted in significant revision to the subproject design. The revision also incorporated the appreciation in special drawing rights against the US dollar and the domestic and international inflation that pushed down the real value of project resources.

Project Number: 40190-013
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion Flood and Drought Risk Management and Mitigation Project 
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Lesson
Processing teams need to ensure that the scope and cost estimate of projects are realistic and reflect the actual contexts. Changes in the procurement plan and safeguards document necessitated by the revisions in project scope and costs caused startup delays. The Viet Nam component had a large amount of undisbursed budget because of overestimations in the cost of civil works and land acquisition and resettlement. Advance actions to engage critical consultants early enough should have helped mitigate the delays.

Project Number: 41444-013
Project Name: Second Northern Greater Mekong Subregion Transport Network Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Appropriate contract packaging, stakeholder involvement in project preparation, and reliable cost estimates are of particular importance to successful project implementation. This project encountered several weaknesses in design and preparation that made implementation challenging.

Project Number: 43319-022
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion East-West Economic Corridor Towns Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Government’s effective and responsive implementation of the program and use of funds highlighted the importance of being able to adjust allocations as demanded by the crisis. The government successfully utilized its ADB countercyclical loan to support its relief and stimulus program under its two pandemic emergency decrees and funds (FY2020 and FY2021). In particular; the Cabinet responded rapidly to the successive waves of COVID-19; allocating and reallocating budgets to work plans and projects where they were most needed at any one time.

Project Number: 54177-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program
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