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Lesson
Gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) mainstreaming in Nepal's Ministry of Public Infrastructure and Transport (MPIT) is challenging. The MPIT developed and approved the guidelines for GESI. However, operationalizing the guidelines in all ministry operations has been challenging, mainly because of the need to orient staff at different levels. The government's budget allocation for mainstreaming GESI ensures strong ownership, but the budget is not adequate for institutionalizing GESI in the transport sector.

Project Number: 38350-013
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Poor quality detailed project reports (DPRs) have led to a host of problems, including cost escalation, delayed implementation, and increased land acquisition. Therefore, care should be taken while preparing DPRs to avoid issues during construction.

Project Number: 37143-023
Project Name: North Eastern State Roads Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date:
Lesson
Lack of ownership of design by the executing agency can lead to implementation delays. The project was the first ADB supported project where the design and construction supervision contracts were split. Reviewing and deciding on design changes was delayed because of a lack of ownership over design by the construction supervision consultant's and the Department of Roads lack of timely decisions.

Project Number: 38350-013
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Climatic constraints, available working seasons over the year, difficult terrain, availability of experienced local labor, and availability of construction materials need to be adequately considered in deciding the construction completion period. As this was not the case under the project, the Public Works Department was forced to extend the contracts' duration to be able to complete the civil works contracts.

Project Number: 37143-023
Project Name: North Eastern State Roads Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date:
Lesson
Policy reforms should resolve issues, such as by defining the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders and operationalizing service delivery through appropriate institutional arrangements. Policy reforms should articulate how budgetary resources will be shared at different government levels and how resources from public and nonpublic sources will be mobilized for sustainability.

Project Number: 47334-002
Project Name: Supporting Kerala's Additional Skill Acquisition Program in Post-Basic Education
Report Date:
Lesson
As they can lead to time and cost overruns, wide time gaps between the finalization of the estimate, initiation of the bidding process, and awarding of contracts should be avoided. Significant time gaps of 4–5 years between the finalization of the detailed project reports, including cost estimates and the completion of the bidding process were incurred in this project. This led to higher contract costs in comparison to the engineering estimates.

Project Number: 37143-023
Project Name: North Eastern State Roads Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date:
Lesson
Private sector participation in skills development is still limited at each stage of the skills development value chain. The limited enterprise support in such trainings may be caused by the lack of recognition and understanding of mutual benefits that could be derived by training institutes and enterprises.

Project Number: 47334-002
Project Name: Supporting Kerala's Additional Skill Acquisition Program in Post-Basic Education
Report Date:
Lesson
Difference in the number of affected assets identified at appraisal and the actual count during implementation can lead to delays in safeguards implementation, which can be worsened by the executing agency's lack of capacity and reliance on short-term, limited consulting inputs. There was a 24% increase in the number of affected structures and households during implementation compared to the estimate at appraisal.

Project Number: 38350-013
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The delay in achieving project effectiveness was unforeseen and unwarranted, given the priority requirement of rooftop solar PV systems to meet national policies,

Project Number: 50373-002
Project Name: Rooftop Solar Power Generation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Additional approval required by the Ministry of FInance had caused delays to the overall lending process, despite a central monitoring and approval process which was imperative to maintain consistency and objectivity of the project. However, the same level of oversight and central approval process can be implemented in projects where relevant parties are provided with an online tool to manage documentation and other activities.

Project Number: 50373-002
Project Name: Rooftop Solar Power Generation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Realistic timelines are essential, given government agency capacities and the institutional, policy, and behavioral changes required. Introducing new regulatory frameworks required a sequential building-block approach, from diagnostics to pilot implementation, expansion of pilots, and national

Project Number: 44057-012, 44057-013
Project Name: Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
The PSME2 demonstrated the critical role that TA plays in supporting policy, planning, awareness raising, change processes, training, and skills, and in institutionalizing SME reforms. Furthermore, using post-program partnership framework (P3F) support is important in facilitating ongoing SME reform and institutionalizing SME processes.

Project Number: 44057-012, 44057-013
Project Name: Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Understanding the Private Sector Small Medium Enterprises (PSME) context is essential both at the design stage and during implementation. A detailed assessment of SME policy and institutional, political, and social context is required, with ADB engagement as part of a coordinated program of support by development partners for SME reform. As achieved under the PSME2, it is important that the supported policy actions focus on a limited number of sequenced, high-impact reforms that lead to development outcomes that are clearly defined and reflected in the DMF.

Project Number: 44057-012, 44057-013
Project Name: Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Establishing an internally sourced project management unit (PMU) at the executing agency and project implementation units at PFIs will improve project management and efficiency. The Ministry of Finanace did not establish a separate PMU but assigned a focal point from existing staff to lead project management. However, high turnover of the assigned MOF staff affected project continuity and institutional memory and delayed submission of safeguard reports.

Project Number: 42007-018
Project Name: Small Business Finance Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The experience and knowledge gained by the PFIs—especially Davr Bank and the UzbekLeasing International A.O., which subsequently attracted other development partners—added value to the project. The areas that were particularly beneficial across the PFIs were project analysis, formulation, and

Project Number: 42007-018
Project Name: Small Business Finance Project
Report Date: