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Lesson
Clarity of roles and responsibilities: The PPTA and the RRP identified overlap in administrative and geographic alignments of agencies such as WASA, town administrations, RDA, the Cantonment Board, and the CDG responsible for municipal and other urban functions (para. 55). The policy actions, PSC and PIRC established for the project were unable to address these gaps. Clarity of roles, and geographic, administrative, and sector alignment are prerequisites for effective urban governance and need to be addressed at the planning stage or should be part of project readiness checklist.

Project Number: 37003-013
Project Name: Rawalpindi Environmental Improvement
Report Date:
Lesson
Providing awards and incentives to contractors for quality and timely delivery, as done by the UDD, helps foster a spirit of competition and better performance.

Project Number: 29120-013
Project Name: Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Capacity in the executing and implementing agencies was expected to be built through the accompanying TA loan. Program outputs like developing sector strategies, implementing expenditure tracking and service delivery surveys, training communities to manage and monitor social service delivery, and other outputs critical to achieving Program outcome depended on effective technical assistance (TA) loan administration. However, executing agency capacity to administer the TA loan was inadequate.

Project Number: 37218-013
Project Name: Balochistan Devolved Social Services Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Schedule for implementation and financing. The WMG should have increased the wastewater tariff to raise the required funding instead of requiring the WUDDC to borrow more from domestic banks. The WUDDC�s audited financial reports indicate that its short-term indebtedness is much higher than the typical for such an enterprise. The more timely reallocation of unused loan proceeds could have achieved full utilization of the loan proceeds including savings on interest during construction.

Project Number: 34472-013
Project Name: Wuhan Wastewater Management
Report Date:
Lesson
Involving specialist agencies for specific components�the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage for this project's heritage component, for example� leads to positive outcomes.

Project Number: 29120-013
Project Name: Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Alignment with overall reforms: The project only supported implementation of reforms in the participating towns and WASA in line with PLGO 2001 and urban policy actions agreed with the government for the project (para. 53). Ownership and commitment to reforms deteriorated in general and project implementation was adversely affected. Although these risks were identified in the project design, no flexibility was built into the design to respond to these external factors.

Project Number: 37003-013
Project Name: Rawalpindi Environmental Improvement
Report Date:
Lesson
Achieving critical mass in the staffing of the PMU and project implementation units (PIUs) and retaining key staff members for the duration of the project are important factors in smooth implementation. A number of engineers involved in the project's design and familiar with packaging and contract conditions remained with PMU through implementation and greatly facilitated its execution.

Project Number: 29120-013
Project Name: Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Ensuring quality in complex reform oriented projects: The consultants under the loan were hired through QCBS. The staff costs in the bids were inadequate for quality staff. This hiring process allowed weak firms to bid low and win the bids, without fully appreciating the tasks ahead. The request for proposal for complex sector loans should either be quality-based or include a bid rejection option in case of underbidding in QCBS.

Project Number: 37003-013
Project Name: Rawalpindi Environmental Improvement
Report Date:
Lesson
Land acquisition and resettlement. Because of land use changes in updated urban development programs, the Luobuzui WWTP was relocated after the issuance of the land-use permit. Resettlement impacts were consequently different from those anticipated in the resettlement plans, and identification of a new WWTP site caused implementation delays and difficulties. The change mandated the adaptation of the associated wastewater collection system, which made resettlement more difficult.

Project Number: 34472-013
Project Name: Wuhan Wastewater Management
Report Date:
Lesson
The introduction and enforcement of local regulations on sanitation and environment protection was not supported by the project nor included as a covenant. Although the introduction was still achievable, enforcement would need support from the project.

Project Number: 28315-013
Project Name: Third Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Sanitation credit scheme requires an exit strategy. The project foresaw the establishment of a sanitation credit scheme, financed by the project through a grant from the central government. However, it did not address what should happen with the grant money and potential revenues once the project was completed. This lack of clarity has made Provincial Viet Nam Women�s Unions (PVWUs) reluctant to continue the program by revolving the first batch of repaid credits and expanding it to other communities outside the original project area.

Project Number: 28315-013
Project Name: Third Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Project outcome and outputs need resource allocation. The identification and procurement of small-scale sanitation improvements was not carried out through community participation as intended, but directly by provincial project management units (PPMUs). The strong investment focus and the PPMUs� lack of knowledge about community-based approaches should have been identified as risks and mitigated by the project design through resource allocation.

Project Number: 28315-013
Project Name: Third Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Water supply and sanitation coverage indicators need to be simplified. Monitoring coverage ratios requires the monitoring of two independent parameters: physical outputs and population growth. Sometimes this is complicated by a change in delineating the service area of the utilities. Nominal targets are therefore easier to monitor than ratios and are equally functional for assessing achievements.

Project Number: 28315-013
Project Name: Third Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Appropriate monitoring indicators are required. A project framework or design monitoring framework should list SMART (i.e., specific, measurable, acceptable, relevant and time-bound) indicators that, as much as possible, are part of the specified agencies� established monitoring program, such as number of connections, water produced etc. Introducing new indicators should be accompanied by a strong support program because if agencies do not see the benefit of monitoring certain indicators, they will be unwilling to pay for collecting the data, such as the health indicators in this case.

Project Number: 28315-013
Project Name: Third Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
PVWU experience sharing is beneficial to effective implementation. Although guidelines were provided for the sanitation revolving fund, each PVWU had the flexibility to implement it differently. Sharing of experiences, especially at the beginning stages, could have contributed to a more streamlined and effective implementation of the community environmental sanitation improvement (CESI) program.

Project Number: 28315-013
Project Name: Third Provincial Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Report Date: