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Lesson
A more nuanced iteration of the project design and monitoring framework (DMF) i.e., accurately differentiating outcome and output indicators, would be beneficial to facilitate better project results assessments. As observed by this validation, impact, outcome, and output statements in the DMF were vague and similar, and did not provide sufficient guidance to focus performance targets that would have provided better evidence for achieving the goals of the impact, outcome, and output statements.

Project Number: 45507-003
Project Name: Yunnan Chuxiong Urban Environment Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Sound identification and valuation of costs and benefits in the economic analysis can provide more realistic economic internal rates of return (EIRRs) to indicate a more accurate state of project viability. The economic analysis in the RRP and PCR underestimated the value of the project outputs, particularly the economic benefits of the solid waste management component, which led to a low EIRR. Willingness-to-pay $2 per month for solid waste removal seems too low and unreasonable considering the substantial health and environmental benefits that such removal likely provides.

Project Number: 45507-003
Project Name: Yunnan Chuxiong Urban Environment Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The outcome performance indicator of a loan project that is deliberately designed to establish a reasonable cause-effect relationship between outputs and outcome can ensure a logical appropriateness and continuum of the design and monitoring framework results chain.

Project Number: 46417-001
Project Name: Jaipur Metro Rail Line 1-Phase B Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Estimation of the project cost requires a greater anticipation of potential cost overrun/underrun that may arise during implementation. During appraisal, a more in-depth examination and consideration of factors related to currency depreciation permits a more robust and realistic cost estimates. Under this project, a substantial loan amount was cancelled due to the rupee depreciation. A careful financial planning and cost projections coupled with risk mitigation measures and monitoring allows for better utilization of loan proceeds.

Project Number: 46417-001
Project Name: Jaipur Metro Rail Line 1-Phase B Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Adequate assessment and due diligence of the technical qualification and past performance of a consultant supports satisfactory execution of its services. This is critical for effective implementation of project activities. Specifically, a close monitoring of the consultant's performance during project implementation permits a better quality of deliverables and outputs.

Project Number: 46417-001
Project Name: Jaipur Metro Rail Line 1-Phase B Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Poor quality detailed project reports (DPRs) have led to a host of problems, including cost escalation, delayed implementation, and increased land acquisition. Therefore, care should be taken while preparing DPRs to avoid issues during construction.

Project Number: 37143-023
Project Name: North Eastern State Roads Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date:
Lesson
Climatic constraints, available working seasons over the year, difficult terrain, availability of experienced local labor, and availability of construction materials need to be adequately considered in deciding the construction completion period. As this was not the case under the project, the Public Works Department was forced to extend the contracts' duration to be able to complete the civil works contracts.

Project Number: 37143-023
Project Name: North Eastern State Roads Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date:
Lesson
As they can lead to time and cost overruns, wide time gaps between the finalization of the estimate, initiation of the bidding process, and awarding of contracts should be avoided. Significant time gaps of 4–5 years between the finalization of the detailed project reports, including cost estimates and the completion of the bidding process were incurred in this project. This led to higher contract costs in comparison to the engineering estimates.

Project Number: 37143-023
Project Name: North Eastern State Roads Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date:
Lesson
Difference in the number of affected assets identified at appraisal and the actual count during implementation can lead to delays in safeguards implementation, which can be worsened by the executing agency's lack of capacity and reliance on short-term, limited consulting inputs. There was a 24% increase in the number of affected structures and households during implementation compared to the estimate at appraisal.

Project Number: 38350-013
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB and the executing agency should agree on all terms related to the payment of vulnerable allowances to affected people during project appraisal. Vulnerable allowances under this project could not be paid on time due to the absence of recognition of ADB's resettlement plan provisions in country practice.

Project Number: 38350-013
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) mainstreaming in Nepal's Ministry of Public Infrastructure and Transport (MPIT) is challenging. The MPIT developed and approved the guidelines for GESI. However, operationalizing the guidelines in all ministry operations has been challenging, mainly because of the need to orient staff at different levels. The government's budget allocation for mainstreaming GESI ensures strong ownership, but the budget is not adequate for institutionalizing GESI in the transport sector.

Project Number: 38350-013
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Lack of ownership of design by the executing agency can lead to implementation delays. The project was the first ADB supported project where the design and construction supervision contracts were split. Reviewing and deciding on design changes was delayed because of a lack of ownership over design by the construction supervision consultant's and the Department of Roads lack of timely decisions.

Project Number: 38350-013
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Complex projects are better designed and implemented if there is a clear government sector plan that is fully supported both at the national and provincial levels. This was demonstrated by the country's railway development plan and its financial allocations. The national government successfully reached out to a private bank for cofinancing, and the provincial governments had a strong buy-in through their smooth and timely implementation of the land acquisition and resettlement plan.

Project Number: 37487-013
Project Name: Zhengzhou–Xi'an Railway Project
Report Date:
Lesson
In projects where institutional and financial capacity is relatively strong, ADB's financial additionality can be demonstrated by instilling proper design and implementation of social and environmental safeguards in infrastructure projects.

Project Number: 37487-013
Project Name: Zhengzhou–Xi'an Railway Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Land acquisition should be embedded in transport policies. As of 2022, the Prime Minister's Rural Roads Program (PMGSY) was being implemented with no land acquisition. Where land is required, only voluntary-based possession is allowed. If sufficient land cannot be pooled on a voluntary basis, geometric design is being compromised. These locations may become accident black spots. Thus, policy amendment is needed in cases where sufficient land for improvement is unavailable voluntarily; permission should be granted for acquisition of land.

Project Number: 48226-003
Project Name: Second Rural Connectivity Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date: