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Lesson
A more nuanced iteration of the project design and monitoring framework (DMF) i.e., accurately differentiating outcome and output indicators, would be beneficial to facilitate better project results assessments. As observed by this validation, impact, outcome, and output statements in the DMF were vague and similar, and did not provide sufficient guidance to focus performance targets that would have provided better evidence for achieving the goals of the impact, outcome, and output statements.

Project Number: 45507-003
Project Name: Yunnan Chuxiong Urban Environment Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Sound identification and valuation of costs and benefits in the economic analysis can provide more realistic economic internal rates of return (EIRRs) to indicate a more accurate state of project viability. The economic analysis in the RRP and PCR underestimated the value of the project outputs, particularly the economic benefits of the solid waste management component, which led to a low EIRR. Willingness-to-pay $2 per month for solid waste removal seems too low and unreasonable considering the substantial health and environmental benefits that such removal likely provides.

Project Number: 45507-003
Project Name: Yunnan Chuxiong Urban Environment Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Not considering adequate funding options and provisions for operations and maintenance (O&M) during the design phase can lead to sustainability issues after project completion. It is critical that a systematic plan for O&M design and measures are developed at the outset, considering the agencies' financial capabilities and attendant risks such as low levels of tariff rates.

Project Number: 43405-023
Project Name: Urban Services Improvement Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date:
Lesson
Assessment of potential political risks such as a change in government and identifying mitigation measures could help ensure the continuity of planned project activities, specifically when there is strong support, ownership, and commitment of an agency. In particular, it is important to consider the speed and direction of change in the policy regime. For example, a shift in the government priorities could trigger resource allocation that could potentially affect how a project could deliver its intended development results.

Project Number: 43405-023
Project Name: Urban Services Improvement Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date:
Lesson
Closer coordination, capacity building, and handholding can improve project implementation when the executing agency has limited experience on implementing ADB-assisted projects. A review mechanism for assessing the efficacy of the trainings needs to be designed. The executing agency should be well versed in the ADB's safeguard policies to ensure compliance and accurate budgeting of the cost of safeguards. Any delays in the mobilization of experts to complement the staff of the executing agency should be expeditiously addressed.

Project Number: 47101-002
Project Name: Assam Power Sector Investment Program (Tranche 1)
Report Date:
Lesson
The practice at appraisal is to provide baseline information and the design and monitoring (DMF) outcome and output targets based on project inputs. In the case of this project, the DMF targets need to be project related. It used a target for the impact indicator that linked project output to the development of other projects. While it is possible to reasonably forecast results, the external capacity development may impact the outcomes.

Project Number: 47101-002
Project Name: Assam Power Sector Investment Program (Tranche 1)
Report Date:
Lesson
In projects that aim to introduce new approaches and pilot programs, active participation, and dialogues with stakeholders at the design stage enhances project performance. Under the project, the design and implementation benefited from sufficient consultations with stakeholders. It promoted inclusiveness and bottom–up and community-based mechanisms for identifying the needs and decision-making process in the context of local conditions.

Project Number: 48236-001
Project Name: Strengthening Community Resilience to Dzud and Forest and Steppe Fires Project 
Report Date:
Lesson
Early preparation and set up of funding design and mechanisms to meet the financial requirements of facilities and equipment's operation and maintenance after project completion can mitigate sustainability risks of project investments. In this project, there was no clarity on how maintenance of project infrastructure and equipment were to be funded after project completion. Thus, it reduces the project's sustainability.

Project Number: 48236-001
Project Name: Strengthening Community Resilience to Dzud and Forest and Steppe Fires Project 
Report Date:
Lesson
Potential problems with funding the maintenance of completed subprojects and/or facilities arise when they highly rely on government budgetary allocations that may or may not materialize in the short- and medium-terms. This can lead to poor periodic maintenance, especially for road routine maintenance. In future projects, consideration could be given to performance-based road maintenance contracts where a period of maintenance is included (e.g., 5 years after completion) in the contracts.

Project Number: 43319-022
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion East-West Economic Corridor Towns Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
With the project's investment in improving wastewater treatment, solid waste management and recycling, an opportunity arose to establish and impose full cost recovery tariffs and charges for these activities. Appropriate tariff studies could have been undertaken and with recommendations for replication in other towns.

Project Number: 43319-022
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion East-West Economic Corridor Towns Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
A midterm review mission is critical for large complex projects as it allows assessing the consequence of time and cost overruns and accordingly updating the DMF.

Project Number: 41627-023, 41627-033
Project Name: Himachal Pradesh Clean Energy Development Investment Program (Tranches 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Allowances for possible cost increases in civil works can mitigate the effects of unforeseen geological conditions.

Project Number: 41627-023, 41627-033
Project Name: Himachal Pradesh Clean Energy Development Investment Program (Tranches 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
The project focused on the expansion of the transmission and distribution systems in seven towns while the executing agency availed funds from other government-funded schemes to concurrently implement a far larger project for a similar expansion of the transmission and distribution system in the remaining areas of the state. Obtaining information related to complementary physical investments, especially during the loan review missions, could help facilitate a better assessment of the project's development impact.

Project Number: 41626-013
Project Name: Bihar Power System Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The project design included measures to improve billing and collection. Considering the excessive aggregate technical and commercial losses, a project design could include measures for reducing commercial loss that were being promoted by the government and being implemented in other areas e.g., high voltage distribution system in urban areas, use of aerial bundle conductors, and segregation of agricultural and domestic power supply in rural areas.

Project Number: 41626-013
Project Name: Bihar Power System Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
To ensure project success, the commitment, ownership, and accountability of an executing agency are critical factors when designing a project and formulating its implementation plan. These need to be supported by adequate expertise and capacity of the agency in managing project implementation and complying with ADB safeguard requirements and loan covenants.

Project Number: 44426-014
Project Name: National Grid Improvement Project
Report Date: