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Lesson
As a member of G20 and an integral part of the ASEAN community, Indonesia has an important role to play on the international stage. Hence, national financial sector development should include international and regional considerations. This can be in the form of international requirements or regional standards such as ASEAN corporate governance and ASEAN green bonds standards. This builds the capacity to meet national development goals, the requirements of the international financial system, and regional development agendas.

Project Number: 48207-001, 48207-002, 48207-004
Project Name: Financial Market Development and Inclusion Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Predicating a program on the passage of a law should be minimized unless there is strong ownership to pass the law from both the executive and the parliament. Relying on development partners to complete the reform (revision of a law) introduces a risk that performance targets will not be achieved. Development partners may have different priorities and timelines that do not necessarily coincide with the requirements of ADB’s program.

Project Number: 48207-001, 48207-002, 48207-004
Project Name: Financial Market Development and Inclusion Program
Report Date:
Lesson
A cross-cutting finance sector program covering financial stability, capital market development, and financial inclusion is viable only in the early stages of development. Initially, this type of engagement is useful for establishing relationships, building trust, and scoping key priority reforms. However, over time, a dedicated program focusing on one subsector or theme is preferable. This would enable ADB to perform comprehensive diagnostics to identify challenges in the subsector, followed by advisory and capacity building support to address these challenges.

Project Number: 48207-001, 48207-002, 48207-004
Project Name: Financial Market Development and Inclusion Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Financial stability and capital market development need to be coupled with reforms to increase access to financial services for the poor and thus maximize the economic impact of development. Reforms to increase financial inclusion should be holistic and require complementary reforms in financial literacy, consumer protection, and financial technology. Financial technology provides new opportunities to enhance access, but it also poses its own challenges.

Project Number: 48207-001, 48207-002, 48207-004
Project Name: Financial Market Development and Inclusion Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Establishing and equipping an integrated finance sector regulator requires sequenced steps, starting with legislation and encompassing measures to ensure legal and fiscal autonomy, as well as legal immunity for staff. A consolidated master plan with a robust monitoring and reporting framework can serve as an anchor to coordinate and prioritize reforms across the regulator. This is especially relevant for large regulators like OJK, where the risk of silo implementation is significant.

Project Number: 48207-001, 48207-002, 48207-004
Project Name: Financial Market Development and Inclusion Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The way the lesson was formulated in the TCR could be improved (it is stated more like an issue rather than lesson learned). But lessons can be inferred that addressing reputational risk and additional costs for meeting green bonds requirements, ensuring a certain level of market maturity, and establishing clear regulations by market regulators are necessary conditions to the successful attainment of the TA objectives.

Project Number: 50057-001
Project Name: Promoting Green Local Currency-Denominated Bonds for Infrastructure Development in ASEAN+3
Report Date:
Lesson
The way the lesson was formulated in the TCR could be improved (it is stated more like an issue rather than lesson learned). But a lesson could be inferred that ensuring individual DMC commitment upfront and awareness measures could seamlessly facilitate progress towards the attainment of the objective of the TA.

Project Number: 50057-001
Project Name: Promoting Green Local Currency-Denominated Bonds for Infrastructure Development in ASEAN+3
Report Date:
Lesson
Also, ensuring that approval is sought for changes in the indicators in the course of TA implementation is a good practice.

Project Number: 50057-001
Project Name: Promoting Green Local Currency-Denominated Bonds for Infrastructure Development in ASEAN+3
Report Date:
Lesson
Extension of the TA for one year due to foreseeable events would not have been necessary had the TA been designed more appropriately.

Project Number: 50057-001
Project Name: Promoting Green Local Currency-Denominated Bonds for Infrastructure Development in ASEAN+3
Report Date:
Lesson
On the output indicator, understanding of the underlying environment, including quality of data, through pre-investigative works could have ensured better design of TA outputs.

Project Number: 50057-001
Project Name: Promoting Green Local Currency-Denominated Bonds for Infrastructure Development in ASEAN+3
Report Date:
Lesson
Based on further information provided by ERCD, ensuring that adequate resources are allocated to finance important associated costs (e.g., hiring of dedicated staff to monitor use of proceeds and to ensure compliance with post-issuance reporting requirements) could help facilitate sustained increase in green bonds issuance.

Project Number: 50057-001
Project Name: Promoting Green Local Currency-Denominated Bonds for Infrastructure Development in ASEAN+3
Report Date:
Lesson
Based on further information provided by ERCD, understanding the additional costs (beyond external review fees) would help in identifying the reasons why there was no second-round issuance (which affects reputation if green status is lost) even though issuers have already invested heavily to establish proper internal system to monitor use of proceeds and provide post-issuance reporting.

Project Number: 50057-001
Project Name: Promoting Green Local Currency-Denominated Bonds for Infrastructure Development in ASEAN+3
Report Date:
Lesson
The outcome indicator should have been formulated more clearly and the outputs/activities planned to better ensure that it could deliver the targeted outcome.

Project Number: 50057-001
Project Name: Promoting Green Local Currency-Denominated Bonds for Infrastructure Development in ASEAN+3
Report Date:
Lesson
This TA, however, missed the opportunity to capture knowledge adequately. Implementation experience in activities like the development of municipal bonds at the subnational government level could have been an interesting subject for knowledge products shared with other countries.

Project Number: 45396-001
Project Name: Enhancing the Regulatory Framework of Financial Sector Development and Oversight
Report Date:
Lesson
Learning from experiences of other countries is important for knowledge building, so ADB member countries can learn from each other. This TA supported tax neutrality for the Islamic capital market as experience in Malaysia showed that this is one of the building blocks for development of Islamic finance.

Project Number: 45396-001
Project Name: Enhancing the Regulatory Framework of Financial Sector Development and Oversight
Report Date: