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Lesson
Local knowledge innovations delivered through ADB projects have the potential to be replicated in other ADB investments. Examples of local knowledge innovations from this project that were new for ADB education investments include the translation of seminal English language texts on teacher education into local (Mongolian) language; and the national open source teacher development web portal set up to facilitate sharing of educational materials.

Project Number: 39254-022
Project Name: Education Sector Reform Project
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB’s contribution to development may be unknown where ADB branding is not publicly visible to stakeholders. ICT equipment, science laboratories, and other physical infrastructure provided under the project were not accompanied by ADB branding (plaques, stickers, etc.). This approach is inconsistent with current practice among development partners and diminishes the visibility of ADB’s positive contributions to development.

Project Number: 39254-022
Project Name: Education Sector Reform Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Where ADB is recognized as the lead development partner in a sector ADB is often well placed to support the partner government with formal development partner coordination in that sector. ADB has been the lead development partner in the Mongolia education sector since 1996, and as such is well placed to support the government to recommence education sector development partner coordination.

Project Number: 39254-022
Project Name: Education Sector Reform Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Results-based lending may be more suitable than policy-based lending for sector-wide approach, as they require a broad range of interventions implemented step by step and with appropriate incentives. When the program was approved, results-based lending was not yet available at ADB. The decision to opt for a policy-based lending modality was adequate, as it was the most suitable modality available at the time. However, the School Sector Reform Plan involved different types of initiatives, ranging from policy reforms to specific ground-level interventions.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The intensive involvement of the resident mission is crucial to the successful implementation of a program supporting a sector-wide approach (SWAp). Close coordination with development partners and regular consultations with government counterparts take on greater importance in a SWAp, as was illustrated under the program. Appointing a focal person at the resident mission can help in addressing issues as they emerge, and in ensuring ongoing participation in policy dialogue and joint review meetings.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Limiting the number of policy actions and reform areas could help to tighten future policy-based loans and adopt deeper policy actions. It would also allow sufficient time to implement the attached TA effectively, further strengthening potential impact. The program included a large number of policy actions, spread over five different reform areas, and some of its policy actions lacked the depth required to bring about structural change.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
A policy-based loan needs a clearly articulated policy matrix and performance indicators with direct linkages to the design and monitoring framework (DMF) to allow results to be attributed to policy actions. In many instances, it was difficult to attribute reported achievements to policy actions supported by the program. This affected the understanding of the program’s effectiveness. The results chain of a policy-based loan should be explicitly presented in the project documents and the DMF indicators should fully reflect intended outcomes of the selected policy actions.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
No additional lessons

Project Number: 35174-013, 35174-022, 35174-023, 35174-032
Project Name: Education Sector Program (Subprograms I–III)
Report Date:
Lesson
Full compliance to covenants enhances program performance.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Implementation of reforms takes time.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Dedicated institutional arrangements facilitate the timely implementation of national reform programs.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Capacity development requires coordinated institutional and funding mechanisms.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Capacity development requires coordinated institutional and funding mechanisms. The weak local enforcement can be addressed through a good mix of international best practice and contextual understanding. However, the program faced difficulties in the timely recruitment of experts using the country system. The Education Program Support Office (EPSO) partly addressed this issue but was eventually dissolved as a result of discontinued funding, and ad-hoc technical assistance (TA) from development partners increased transaction costs, which is against the spirit of the SWAp.

Project Number: 35174-013, 35174-022, 35174-023, 35174-032
Project Name: Education Sector Program (Subprograms I–III)
Report Date:
Lesson
Prioritized policy actions in the sector-wide approach (SWAp) need to be supported by sound public financial management and supervision, under the decentralized education system. The education quality outcomes hardly improved and fiduciary risk remains substantial. Numerous policies and guidelines were revised at the central level and disseminated at the local level, but they were not enforced in the field due to weak capacity and local politics.

Project Number: 35174-013, 35174-022, 35174-023, 35174-032
Project Name: Education Sector Program (Subprograms I–III)
Report Date:
Lesson
Program design needs to strike a balance between strategic selection of key policy and a holistic approach. Transformation of the education system needs a wide range of reforms and while the ESP included broad policy actions, initial policy dialogue suffered from lack of depth to induce critical policy changes. Sequenced strategic priorities need to be identified through the guidance of the highest ministerial committee, such as the Education Policy Committee (EPC).

Project Number: 35174-013, 35174-022, 35174-023, 35174-032
Project Name: Education Sector Program (Subprograms I–III)
Report Date:
CSV