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Lesson
Limiting the number of policy actions and reform areas could help to tighten future policy-based loans and adopt deeper policy actions. It would also allow sufficient time to implement the attached TA effectively, further strengthening potential impact. The program included a large number of policy actions, spread over five different reform areas, and some of its policy actions lacked the depth required to bring about structural change.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
A policy-based loan needs a clearly articulated policy matrix and performance indicators with direct linkages to the design and monitoring framework (DMF) to allow results to be attributed to policy actions. In many instances, it was difficult to attribute reported achievements to policy actions supported by the program. This affected the understanding of the program’s effectiveness. The results chain of a policy-based loan should be explicitly presented in the project documents and the DMF indicators should fully reflect intended outcomes of the selected policy actions.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Results-based lending may be more suitable than policy-based lending for sector-wide approach, as they require a broad range of interventions implemented step by step and with appropriate incentives. When the program was approved, results-based lending was not yet available at ADB. The decision to opt for a policy-based lending modality was adequate, as it was the most suitable modality available at the time. However, the School Sector Reform Plan involved different types of initiatives, ranging from policy reforms to specific ground-level interventions.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The intensive involvement of the resident mission is crucial to the successful implementation of a program supporting a sector-wide approach (SWAp). Close coordination with development partners and regular consultations with government counterparts take on greater importance in a SWAp, as was illustrated under the program. Appointing a focal person at the resident mission can help in addressing issues as they emerge, and in ensuring ongoing participation in policy dialogue and joint review meetings.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Dedicated institutional arrangements facilitate the timely implementation of national reform programs.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Capacity development requires coordinated institutional and funding mechanisms.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Full compliance to covenants enhances program performance.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Implementation of reforms takes time.

Project Number: 35174-082
Project Name: School Sector Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Capacity development requires coordinated institutional and funding mechanisms. The weak local enforcement can be addressed through a good mix of international best practice and contextual understanding. However, the program faced difficulties in the timely recruitment of experts using the country system. The Education Program Support Office (EPSO) partly addressed this issue but was eventually dissolved as a result of discontinued funding, and ad-hoc technical assistance (TA) from development partners increased transaction costs, which is against the spirit of the SWAp.

Project Number: 35174-013, 35174-022, 35174-023, 35174-032
Project Name: Education Sector Program (Subprograms I–III)
Report Date:
Lesson
Prioritized policy actions in the sector-wide approach (SWAp) need to be supported by sound public financial management and supervision, under the decentralized education system. The education quality outcomes hardly improved and fiduciary risk remains substantial. Numerous policies and guidelines were revised at the central level and disseminated at the local level, but they were not enforced in the field due to weak capacity and local politics.

Project Number: 35174-013, 35174-022, 35174-023, 35174-032
Project Name: Education Sector Program (Subprograms I–III)
Report Date:
Lesson
Program design needs to strike a balance between strategic selection of key policy and a holistic approach. Transformation of the education system needs a wide range of reforms and while the ESP included broad policy actions, initial policy dialogue suffered from lack of depth to induce critical policy changes. Sequenced strategic priorities need to be identified through the guidance of the highest ministerial committee, such as the Education Policy Committee (EPC).

Project Number: 35174-013, 35174-022, 35174-023, 35174-032
Project Name: Education Sector Program (Subprograms I–III)
Report Date:
Lesson
In the case of pool funding, efforts should be made to continue collaboration until the end, including a joint evaluation, to identify joint lessons and to maximize use of resources.

Project Number: 34022-013
Project Name: Secondary Education Support Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Deliberately designing stakeholder participation and public debates on education policy reforms could have benefited implementation. The lack of broader stakeholder participation, particularly in the districts, risks losing ownership by implementing agencies.

Project Number: 34022-013
Project Name: Secondary Education Support Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The dependence of reforms on proposed legal provisions should be analyzed. Both the development of the national curriculum framework and the decentralization of education could not be implemented fully because the legal provisions were not in place.

Project Number: 34022-013
Project Name: Secondary Education Support Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Benchmarking education quality reforms with international and regional best practices, is important and could have contributed to strengthened reforms.

Project Number: 34022-013
Project Name: Secondary Education Support Project
Report Date: