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Lesson
Importance of a database system and information-sharing mechanism. Clarification on the institutional role of each agency regarding IEM and land degradation control provides a clear basis for defining the type and level of data to be collected by each participating agency in the joint and collaborative management of environmental and natural resources. For information sharing to be effective and useful, the institutional value of data should be recognized and access to data should be made available for all government agencies in a timely and practical manner.

Project Number: 36445-022
Project Name: Capacity Building to Combat Land Degradation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Importance of awareness building. Strong awareness among stakeholders, especially the public, on the state of the environment and natural resources is important for gaining support for government plans and strategies for land degradation control and for overall environmental and natural resource management in general. Disclosure of government plans for management, and conservation and protection provides a solid foundation for cooperation in planning and implementing IEM plans and strategies.

Project Number: 36445-022
Project Name: Capacity Building to Combat Land Degradation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Interagency cooperation and collaboration in policy and planning. Improved institutional coordination and harmonization of land degradation policies, legislation, programs, and budgets is needed. Interagency cooperation and collaboration in policy and planning of IEM strategies and plans ensure that complex problems related to land degradation control are addressed following a participatory approach and that government agencies, private sector agencies, and local communities have a clear understanding of their delineated tasks and responsibilities.

Project Number: 36445-022
Project Name: Capacity Building to Combat Land Degradation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Institutional capacity building for establishing an enabling environment. For IEM to be effective and successful, cooperating and collaborating institutions and sectors must be supported by IEM knowledge and skills for policy making, planning, legislation, and joint management of the environment and natural resources. Joint and effective management of environmental and natural resources requires improving the capacities of cooperating and collaborating with government institutions for combining top-down and bottom-up approaches.

Project Number: 36445-022
Project Name: Capacity Building to Combat Land Degradation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Integrated approach to achieving long-term success. International experience demonstrates that an integrated approach is appropriate to achieving long-term success in combating land degradation that is mostly caused by interacting socioeconomic factors (e.g., overexploitation of natural resources, poverty, and population pressure). Participatory and science-based IEM approaches are essential for successfully combating ecosystem degradation, including in dryland areas.

Project Number: 36445-022
Project Name: Capacity Building to Combat Land Degradation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Acceptance and application of integrated ecosystem management (IEM). The IEM approach is highly relevant to combating land degradation in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and is a significant departure from traditional practices and therefore, requires time to become fully accepted. Good progress to date suggests that the full 10-year period, as originally designed, will be required.

Project Number: 36445-022
Project Name: Capacity Building to Combat Land Degradation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Enterprise ownership lacking. The lack of ownership and commitment on the part of the project enterprises to the preparation of the project design document (PDD) might cause the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) pilot bundling project to fail. In the case of the pilot CDM project in Henan Province, the provincial government may need to change its role from direct involvement in the CDM project development to technical support. The government should also seek direct involvement by the enterprises to enhance their ownership and understanding of the CDM process.

Project Number: 33443-013
Project Name: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Due diligence critical before using new technology. The technical and economic viability of a new technology, such as the straw gasification technology in the project, must be examined carefully before its inclusion in a project. This is particularly important to poverty- focused projects as poor stakeholders would have less capacity in managing risks of project failure. The cancellation of type IV gasification plants at midterm review mission over the concerns about their technology immaturity and economic viability avoided project failure and was a sound decision.

Project Number: 33443-013
Project Name: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Climate and location important. Local weather conditions can affect the success of technology, as they did in the case of the type I system. The sustainability of type I systems, which include a greenhouse, could be marginal in Shanxi Province where the annual average temperature is low and they can only function properly for about half the year. The province's harsh weather also means that the greenhouses deteriorate faster and need more intensive maintenance. Understanding the geography of farmers' lives is also important in designing projects such as this.

Project Number: 33443-013
Project Name: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Providing training in the year after construction of the biogas digesters was also effective since this was when project farmers needed to learn about operation and maintenance (O&M) for their new equipment and how to make use of the slurry and sludge from the digesters in agricultural production. The project also established an institutional mechanism linking contractors with extension service stations and the farmers, which is critical in promoting further development of rural household biodigesters. The training program has created ripple effects in the participating provinces.

Project Number: 33443-013
Project Name: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Training crucial to sustainability. A well-designed, well-executed capacity development program assures that a project will be sustainable and can be replicated. The sound planning of this project's training programs was one of the keys to its success. The training combined courses on biogas systems and agricultural production, giving farmers an opportunity to use new technology, knowledge, and ideas to improve their incomes and living standards. It was also broad and flexible, allowing the family members who are often the final users of the biogas to take part.

Project Number: 33443-013
Project Name: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Government ownership key. The project objectives were in line with the government's national policy on environmental improvement, renewable energy development, and poverty reduction in rural areas. The project activities were also well integrated with the existing institutional system, which involved rural energy offices and extension service stations in the counties and villages.

Project Number: 33443-013
Project Name: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Simplify grant disbursement arrangements. The flow of Global Environment Facility (GEF) funds was slow and tedious and delayed implementation. This was due partly to the lack of an imprest account in the provinces. These disbursements arrangements need to be simple. The government has drawn lessons from the project and has now agreed to the establishment of imprest accounts in provincial departments of finance to receive grant funds directly from ADB.

Project Number: 33443-013
Project Name: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The government's approval process and processing time should have been carefully assessed during project preparation and reflected in the project schedule.

Project Number: 33165-013
Project Name: Yellow River Flood Management (Sector) Project
Report Date:
Lesson
As democratization develops in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and individual autonomy increases, the formulation and implementation of projects that require voluntary resettlement, such as the village flood protection component under this project, need careful consideration.

Project Number: 33165-013
Project Name: Yellow River Flood Management (Sector) Project
Report Date: