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Lesson
Subsidies for household sanitation will be offered, but will be very strictly and transparently targeted at those households measured as �poor level I� and �poor level II� using the Ministry of Planning's national Identification of Poor Households targeting mechanism. This is a proxy means test that measures easily observable household characteristics and assets and is implemented in all 24 provinces.

Project Number: 34382-022
Project Name: Tonle Sap Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Recognizing the low capacity and high level of effort required for monitoring and evaluation (M&E), an international M&E firm has been engaged under RWSSP2 to work alongside MRD M&E officers to develop systems and build capacity; and

Project Number: 34382-022
Project Name: Tonle Sap Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
To offer a more consistent, harmonized approach to nongoverment organization (NGO) support, the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) has engaged one NGO to provide support for all provincial teams, instead of hiring individual NGO teams to support each provincial department of rural development (PDRD);

Project Number: 34382-022
Project Name: Tonle Sap Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
RWSSP2 will only support the rehabilitation of non-functioning community ponds, rather than the construction of new ponds;

Project Number: 34382-022
Project Name: Tonle Sap Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
To maximize cost effectiveness, the first emphasis of RWSSP2 is the rehabilitation of wells in disrepair;

Project Number: 34382-022
Project Name: Tonle Sap Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The Second Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (RWSSP2) is being implemented in a much more focused geographic area, and in a more holistic manner, covering all villages in each selected commune and aiming at 100% water supply coverage and 75% sanitation coverage in order to achieve the intended collective health benefits;

Project Number: 34382-022
Project Name: Tonle Sap Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Monitoring and evaluation is an important part of any project and the ASDP was fortunate to have monitoring and evaluation officers in the PCU and in theprovinces and districts. The adoption, diffusion, and cost/production surveys were an important part of the monitoring and evaluation system and helped provide information on the value of the project. This aspect of the project was particularly well implemented.

Project Number: 34380-013
Project Name: Agriculture Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The project found very few agroenterprises in the target districts. Toward the end of the project, the focus switched to providing agribusiness skills to the higher-performing farmer households that had already been trained in the new technologies. A number of examples emerged where these farmer households moved along the production chain and got involved in the production and/or sale of farm inputs to other farmers—e.g., chicks for chicken farming, fingerlings for fish farming, chicken feed, vaccines.

Project Number: 34380-013
Project Name: Agriculture Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The project targeted a large number of districts (18) in four different provinces. The geographical spread meant that a decentralized training model was essential. Project staff deployed in the provinces and districts needed to be skilled to a level commensurate with the requirements of the project - i.e., agricultural commercialization and diversification. MAFF provided this training and skills development centrally but enabled provincial and district extension staff to provide training and back-up support to the farmer households.

Project Number: 34380-013
Project Name: Agriculture Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
New activities such as vegetable growing, mushroom growing, pig fattening, chicken raising, and fish farming are more profitable than traditional paddy production and have had high adoption rates. However, for most of the targeted farmer households these new activities will be supplementary to paddy cultivation rather than a substitute for it. This is because most smallholders' paddy production is for own consumption rather than for sale.

Project Number: 34380-013
Project Name: Agriculture Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Budgetary constraints mean that once the project ends, follow-up provision of provincial and district extension services from Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF) staff is limited. This highlights the importance of developing the informal farmer-to-farmer and input-supplier-to-farmer extension services. In particular, the village extension worker (VEW) program introduced late in the project's life has trained a number of farmers who will continue to disseminate their knowledge to neighboring farmers.

Project Number: 34380-013
Project Name: Agriculture Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The uptake of some project activities was constrained by the lack of funds (or credit) for necessary capital expenditure items (e.g., costs of establishing greenhouses, chicken-raising facilities). This was accentuated by the project's deliberate policy of seeking to involve a substantial proportion of the rural poor, who lacked cash or access to credit. Future projects should include adequate funds for such purposes or seek involvement of a nongovernment organization with funding available for such items.

Project Number: 34380-013
Project Name: Agriculture Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
At appraisal, the social and cost implications of the resettlement plans required in connection with the divestment of the state-owned rubber estates (SOREs) were not fully anticipated. This was a key reason for the 2-year delay in the release of the second tranche of the program loan. The scope and cost of resettlement plans needs to be clearly recognized at the time of project design, since they are time-consuming to prepare and costly to implement.

Project Number: 34380-013
Project Name: Agriculture Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Although there clearly was a commitment to change in relation to most tranche conditions, there was back-tracking on the initial commitment to divest state-owned enterprises. However, after considerable reflection and reconsideration of options over the program period, all state-owned enterprises were successfully divested, and the benefits of this - significantly better operations and financial performance of the ongoing enterprises, and cost savings for those wound up - are increasingly appreciated.

Project Number: 34380-013
Project Name: Agriculture Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
It was not until the establishment of working groups for each of the tranche conditions in late 2005, under the initiative of the program support unit (PSU), that ownership of the process became more localized. There were delays in the development of work plans and budgets, and the consequent disbursement of funds to the working groups caused a delay in meeting tranche conditions. However, resolving difficulties and obstacles was made easier by empowering the working groups to come up with their own ideas and solutions through internal processes.

Project Number: 34380-013
Project Name: Agriculture Sector Development Program
Report Date: