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Lesson
The indicators for measuring the accomplishment of the program can be further improved by identifying more precise indicators. For instance, in addition to approval dates of policy-based actions, the inclusion of simplified monitoring and reporting arrangements under the indicative program monitoring framework should be considered as appropriate.

Project Number: 52018-001
Project Name: Disaster Resilience Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The inclusion of expected losses from health-related national emergencies must be considered in the program design of contingency disaster financing given the experience in COVID-19. Because health is now a part overall hazard, this will somewhat provide a quick guide in fund disbursements in case of such occurrences.

Project Number: 52018-001
Project Name: Disaster Resilience Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Programs such as this should take a holistic approach to measuring and abating air pollution. Although substantial progress has been made, longer-term policy measures to address the ongoing air quality issue in Mongolia are still needed The increased concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide show shortcomings in the program’s overall achievements, along with the concentrations of small particulate matter which remain above World Health Organization’s guidelines, necessitating more policy actions.

Project Number: 53028-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program and Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program – Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
Publication of air quality should be institutionalized to provide a feedback loop to policy makers and to empower the public to assess overall progress. ADB’s participation in the longer-term framework for air pollution abatement will reinforce the feedback and will be an instrument to provide additional assistance that will ensure the continued air pollution reduction in Ulaanbaatar and other urban areas in Mongolia.

Project Number: 53028-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program and Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program – Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
To ensure the success of expenditure management at subnational government level, these entities need to become more dependent on locally sourced revenues over time. Rapidly increasing central transfers can make them more dependent to the national government and weaken their motivation to raise local revenues.

Project Number: 50168-001, 50168-002, 50168-003
Project Name: Fiscal and Public Expenditure Management Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Decentralization and devolution to subnational governments need to be undertaken with caution, especially where capacity is known to be limited. A sequential program is useful, where functions and resources are better devolved first to local governments that are fully staffed and capacitated, and later to others, following a program that improves institutional capacity to accept the new responsibilities.

Project Number: 50168-001, 50168-002, 50168-003
Project Name: Fiscal and Public Expenditure Management Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Single-tranche and stand-alone policy-based programs can be an appropriate instrument to support reforms in fragile states provided that (i) these take place in the context of an ongoing, long-term development partnership; and (ii) there is a demonstrated government commitment to pursue substantial reforms over an extended time frame. Moreover, such programs need to be supported by ongoing capacity development in key agencies. In fragile states, the risks to implementing and sustaining reforms are amplified by external shocks and natural disasters.

Project Number: 52074-001
Project Name: Improved Fiscal Sustainability Reform Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The formal government and development partner coordination mechanisms offer the opportunity to reduce transaction costs for all parties and increase the likelihood of a good quality program design and implementation. In the case of Solomon Islands, it utilized a wellestablished coordination mechanism to undertake policy dialogue, to design a program that is responsive to the country’s needs, and to jointly oversee program implementation.

Project Number: 52074-001
Project Name: Improved Fiscal Sustainability Reform Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Greater effort early on to define targeted outcomes and using a well-structured framework can yield a better tool to assess program results. The results framework presenting clarity in project design, well-defined outcomes, and outputs with appropriate targets and indicators, is imperative in monitoring project achievements. This is necessary to help provide clear assessment and guidance on how to systematically track progress especially on how success will be assessed.

Project Number: 48458-001, 48458-003
Project Name: Expanding Private Participation in Infrastructure Program
Report Date:
Lesson
To ensure the formulation of a well-grounded design, a thorough preparatory assessment could be undertaken by including the political environment and the risk of corruption in a country. In cases where corruption is perceived as being high, support for better performance and greater accountability in public financial management systems plays a crucial role.

Project Number: 48458-001, 48458-003
Project Name: Expanding Private Participation in Infrastructure Program
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important to use existing mechanisms, where possible, to enable the delivery of rapid support to affected communities during a disaster emergency response.

Project Number: 50181-001
Project Name: Fiji: Emergency Assistance for Recovery from Tropical Cyclone Winston
Report Date:
Lesson
A well-developed national structure for disaster risk management is beneficial for the success of post-disaster emergency response.

Project Number: 50181-001
Project Name: Fiji: Emergency Assistance for Recovery from Tropical Cyclone Winston
Report Date:
Lesson
For future similar interventions, the use of the theory of change methodology, which starts by determining what outcomes are required, how success would be measured, and the activities required to achieve them, should be considered.

Project Number: 41373-012, 41373-013
Project Name: Public Financial Management for Rural Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The DMF is crucial in monitoring progress and assessing program accomplishments.

Project Number: 41373-012, 41373-013
Project Name: Public Financial Management for Rural Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Local auditors should be trained in good public auditing practice in organizations abroad.

Project Number: 41373-012, 41373-013
Project Name: Public Financial Management for Rural Development Program
Report Date: