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Lesson
The DMF indicators and results chain, to effectively serve as a monitoring and evaluation tool, need to reflect the changes in TA scope and focus during implementation. Output performance indicators and targets were changed to align with the government’s requests for support to emerging priorities. The outcome statement and targets should also have been updated to reflect the changed focus of the TA which has evolved and become broader.

Project Number: 52006-001
Project Name: Capacity Building for Country Programming and Portfolio Management
Report Date:
Lesson
The design and monitoring framework (DMF) and monitoring and reporting mechanism need to be carefully developed at the planning stage. The outcome statement of the TA was not appropriate as it is too narrow and should be more focused on the TA benefits to Maldives. Outcome targets were too ambitious since there were several contributing factors outside the scope of the TA that affected their achievements. With a small country portfolio, unexpected delays in one or two projects will make the target unachievable. Having an outcome indicator at the broader level could help avoid that.

Project Number: 52006-001
Project Name: Capacity Building for Country Programming and Portfolio Management
Report Date:
Lesson
TA relevance increased during implementation because of ADB’s responsiveness to real-time requests from the government. Regular country programming missions, consultation meetings, and tripartite portfolio review meetings provided effective avenues for ADB to be more responsive to clients. Responses to government requests should be matched by a scrutiny of the accompanying necessary changes in the results chain and the DMF overall, including performance indicators, targets, data source, and reporting mechanism.

Project Number: 52006-001
Project Name: Capacity Building for Country Programming and Portfolio Management
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important to strengthen partnerships with government agencies and other stakeholders across priority sectors, involving them in dialogues in aid of better development planning and to support program and project identification and targeting.

Project Number: 52006-001
Project Name: Capacity Building for Country Programming and Portfolio Management
Report Date:
Lesson
Stakeholder coordination and involvement and their buy-in of programs and projects is critical to improving portfolio performance and management.

Project Number: 52006-001
Project Name: Capacity Building for Country Programming and Portfolio Management
Report Date:
Lesson
Enhancing capacity on country programming and project implementation is essential, requiring well-defined knowledge products and services (KPSs). Knowledge gained from these KPSs, including good understanding of ADB operations, needs to be mainstreamed in implementing and executing agenciesto enhanceimplementation effectiveness and efficiency.

Project Number: 52006-001
Project Name: Capacity Building for Country Programming and Portfolio Management
Report Date:
Lesson
Effective coordination and harmonization of policies, strategies, and action plans among the development partners can meaningfully support fragile countries. The joint policy reform matrix (JPRM) demonstrated how four development partners came together to provide sizable budget support to Tonga in its hour of need, when the country faced multiple challenges, including disasters triggered by natural hazards, the COVID-19 pandemic, and a fragile economy.

Project Number: 55016-001
Project Name: Economic Recovery Support Program
Report Date:
Lesson
An innovative approach is needed to encourage the government in implementing critical reforms, but the approach needs to be culturally sensitive. The program shows that a reform associated with a wage bill is difficult to implement. Layoffs or significant cuts in overtime payment have social ramifications and need to be dealt with sensitively, especially when there are limited alternative employment opportunities.

Project Number: 55016-001
Project Name: Economic Recovery Support Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Overly ambitious performance indicators can undermine some of the program’s achievements, particularly when reforms are undertaken during a crisis. In this program, The higher-level objective of a more inclusive, sustainable, and dynamic knowledge-based economy did not relate closely to the policy actions in the program—apart from the introduction of technical and vocational education and training.

Project Number: 52030-001
Project Name: Strengthening Macroeconomic Resilience Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Failing to describe and include the history of prior experience of a particular reform in the program weakens the case for their relevance. In Tonga, civil service reform had an extended history. Pointing out the lessons learned from earlier efforts and how they were incorporated into the current program would have strengthened the justification for these reforms.

Project Number: 52030-001
Project Name: Strengthening Macroeconomic Resilience Program
Report Date:
Lesson
At the methodology level, actions that demonstrate the achievement of program policy matrix milestones should indicate what was achieved, rather than the process of their accomplishment. Cabinet approval is an inadequate indicator to demonstrate the successful implementation of policy reform in Tonga.

Project Number: 52030-001
Project Name: Strengthening Macroeconomic Resilience Program
Report Date:
Lesson
In small island developing countries with limited policy reform capacity, ADB should avoid targeting multiple reform areas in one policy-based grant, particularly during a crisis.

Project Number: 52030-001
Project Name: Strengthening Macroeconomic Resilience Program
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important to properly phase implementation schedules to allow for deeper analysis of output and outcome progress and rectify indicators. All four outcome indicators were not achieved but progress was recorded against outcome indicators related to increases in private investment, internationally certified Tajik firms, and regulatory quality; and in the case of women entrepreneurs was particularly good if measured by electronic tax declarations. This suggests that targets were initially overambitious and/or that outcome indicators should be considered over a longer period.

Project Number: 47099-002, 47099-004
Project Name: Investment Climate Reforms Program - Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Political support, and ultimately political accountability, is an essential component of institutional reform. An early back-to-office report (September 2014) stated that the government appreciated the importance of promoting a better business environment in the context of the private sector’s contribution to growth in gross domestic product. The government set up a Consultative Council on Reduction of Business Inspecting Agencies, chaired by the First Deputy Prime Minister to monitor implementation progress. All policy actions were completed.

Project Number: 47099-002, 47099-004
Project Name: Investment Climate Reforms Program - Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Multidimensional programs need to have a balance on types of indicators but should take care to ensure that progress in threshold indicators can be properly recognized in the design and monitoring framework (DMF). Only 9 of the 12 unique output indicators between subprograms 1 and 2 had been achieved or almost achieved. Of these 9 achieved output indicators, 7 were binary , i.e., they only take the value of achieved or not achieved. The output indicators not achieved had specific numerical targets that had not been met.

Project Number: 47099-002, 47099-004
Project Name: Investment Climate Reforms Program - Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date: