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Lesson
Programs such as this should take a holistic approach to measuring and abating air pollution. Although substantial progress has been made, longer-term policy measures to address the ongoing air quality issue in Mongolia are still needed The increased concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide show shortcomings in the program’s overall achievements, along with the concentrations of small particulate matter which remain above World Health Organization’s guidelines, necessitating more policy actions.

Project Number: 53028-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program and Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program – Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
To ensure the success of expenditure management at subnational government level, these entities need to become more dependent on locally sourced revenues over time. Rapidly increasing central transfers can make them more dependent to the national government and weaken their motivation to raise local revenues.

Project Number: 50168-001, 50168-002, 50168-003
Project Name: Fiscal and Public Expenditure Management Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Decentralization and devolution to subnational governments need to be undertaken with caution, especially where capacity is known to be limited. A sequential program is useful, where functions and resources are better devolved first to local governments that are fully staffed and capacitated, and later to others, following a program that improves institutional capacity to accept the new responsibilities.

Project Number: 50168-001, 50168-002, 50168-003
Project Name: Fiscal and Public Expenditure Management Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Complex programs are more likely to succeed if significant attention is given to building the capability and ownership of the relevant stakeholders. The program successfully tackled a wide range of issues, while helping develop capacity at the MOF, CBU, and SAMA.

Project Number: 51350-001
Project Name: Economic Management Improvement Program: Subprograms 1 and 2
Report Date:
Lesson
The number of policy measures should be limited so that ADB can monitor compliance with them effectively throughout the program. The program comprised 29 policy actions: 11 for subprogram 1 and 18 for subprogram 2. The total number of policy actions under the program was significantly large, particularly in subprogram 2, and represented a challenge in monitoring and implementation.

Project Number: 51350-001
Project Name: Economic Management Improvement Program: Subprograms 1 and 2
Report Date:
Lesson
Implementation of reform agenda through strong government commitment. Public financial management reforms and SOE reforms to ensure fiscal sustainability, like those in the program, have political and economic implications and are difficult to undertake without strong ownership.

Project Number: 51350-001
Project Name: Economic Management Improvement Program: Subprograms 1 and 2
Report Date:
Lesson
The program demonstrated that a holistic consultation process can ensure effective diagnosis of the issues, leading to a relevant policy matrix that prioritizes reform measures in collaboration with the development partners. The program was developed in close consultation with the government and development partners including the IMF, the World Bank, AFD, and the United Nations Development Programme, and was designed through a holistic approach.

Project Number: 51350-001
Project Name: Economic Management Improvement Program: Subprograms 1 and 2
Report Date:
Lesson
It is necessary to enable the government to sustain capacity development programs beyond the life of a program. Institutionalizing change-management practices among those charged with implementing reforms—such as efforts undertaken in subprogram 2 to prepare the MTBF and develop the MTBF manual, including gender-responsive budgeting tools at the MOF—requires upgrading technical and change-management competency.

Project Number: 51350-001
Project Name: Economic Management Improvement Program: Subprograms 1 and 2
Report Date:
Lesson
The formal government and development partner coordination mechanisms offer the opportunity to reduce transaction costs for all parties and increase the likelihood of a good quality program design and implementation. In the case of Solomon Islands, it utilized a wellestablished coordination mechanism to undertake policy dialogue, to design a program that is responsive to the country’s needs, and to jointly oversee program implementation.

Project Number: 52074-001
Project Name: Improved Fiscal Sustainability Reform Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Single-tranche and stand-alone policy-based programs can be an appropriate instrument to support reforms in fragile states provided that (i) these take place in the context of an ongoing, long-term development partnership; and (ii) there is a demonstrated government commitment to pursue substantial reforms over an extended time frame. Moreover, such programs need to be supported by ongoing capacity development in key agencies. In fragile states, the risks to implementing and sustaining reforms are amplified by external shocks and natural disasters.

Project Number: 52074-001
Project Name: Improved Fiscal Sustainability Reform Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Greater effort early on to define targeted outcomes and using a well-structured framework can yield a better tool to assess program results. The results framework presenting clarity in project design, well-defined outcomes, and outputs with appropriate targets and indicators, is imperative in monitoring project achievements. This is necessary to help provide clear assessment and guidance on how to systematically track progress especially on how success will be assessed.

Project Number: 48458-001, 48458-003
Project Name: Expanding Private Participation in Infrastructure Program
Report Date:
Lesson
To ensure the formulation of a well-grounded design, a thorough preparatory assessment could be undertaken by including the political environment and the risk of corruption in a country. In cases where corruption is perceived as being high, support for better performance and greater accountability in public financial management systems plays a crucial role.

Project Number: 48458-001, 48458-003
Project Name: Expanding Private Participation in Infrastructure Program
Report Date:
Lesson
In addition to continuing technical assistance (TA), it is important that professional advisors work closely with the government of Kiribati to try and ensure reform momentum.

Project Number: 47322-001, 47322-002
Project Name: Strengthening Economic Management Reform Program: Subprograms 1 and 2 Completion Report
Report Date:
Lesson
A stand-alone policy-based grant would have been preferable for this project rather than a programmatic approach.

Project Number: 47322-001, 47322-002
Project Name: Strengthening Economic Management Reform Program: Subprograms 1 and 2 Completion Report
Report Date:
Lesson
The success of the program indicates that working with state governments in India is an appropriate level for PBLs, which may not be achieved at the national-level when instituting similar reforms. Success at the state-level offers an opportunity for scaling-up or replicating the experience in other states with similar issues.

Project Number: 49209-001
Project Name: Second West Bengal Development Finance Program
Report Date: