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Lesson
Budget allocations and actual expenditures to continually achieve project objectives are an indication of its sustainability. As there was a general lack of a strong legal framework or related reform to support the sustainability of the project, ADB should have used information on budget allocations and actual expenditure for the higher education sector after project implementation to more substantially confirm the sustainability of the project’s results.

Project Number: 43007-023
Project Name: Higher Education Reform Project
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important to include in the design and monitoring framework (DMF) the extent to which capacity-building activities improve trainees' perception of their capacity to perform project-related tasks to gauge the effectiveness of such activities. Most project activities were capacity building. However, DMF targets measuring capacity-building activities were limited to the number of trainees reached which was purely informational for project accountability.

Project Number: 43007-023
Project Name: Higher Education Reform Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Changes in scope could cause a lack of alignment between outcomes and outputs in the project’s results chain. The outcome target indicator for the increased number of disadvantaged students enrolled in HEIs was not linked to the output activity and indicator that the project design intended. By associating an outcome target with a potential output activity that can contribute to its achievement, project implementation activities would be purposeful.

Project Number: 43007-023
Project Name: Higher Education Reform Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Inadequate risk assessments can prevent projects from achieving results. The design and monitoring framework was designed with more assumptions made than risks identified. Overall project implementation was impacted by changes in government, although higher education institutions (HEIs) remained a priority for the government. Identification of risks related to unforeseen changes in government would have informed ADB and the project implementation unit of factors that could prevent the achievement of project results.

Project Number: 43007-023
Project Name: Higher Education Reform Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Inadequate staffing levels and frequent staff turnovers make training efforts less effective and sustainable. Under their existing structures, all the key project agencies faced challenges due to the perennial shortage of key personnel, made worse by high staff turnover. Therefore, it has been essential for ADB to continually review staff skills and capabilities and corporate structures, and implement measures to fill capacity gaps.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The government needs to do more to provide leaderahip and guidance to infrastructure projects in Kiribati. The Project Steering Commitee, renamed in 2016 as the National Infrastructure Development Steering Committee, was set up to guide several other infrastructure projects aside from this one. Therefore, it can provide only limited support to the ADB project. Achieving the intended impacts of a major project such as ADB's requires regular and proactive direction from senior government representatives through all phases of the project.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
To maximize impacts, community engagement components along with sufficient budget and post-project continuity plans need to be embedded in the design of projects that entail behavioral change. This project's community engagement component was designed and implemented as a broad-based outreach program to encourage behavioral change in personal waste disposal and hygiene, especially handwashing with soap, across all communities in South Tarawa.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Collection of both quantitative and qualitative data on gender impacts need to be incorporated in the design of future community engagement initiatives. Such data should provide indications on how and to what degree the initiative reduces women's time poverty, improves their well-being, and boosts their ability to engage in productive activities.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The imposition of sewerage tariffs needs to be carefully thought out and based on a thorough study, as these could discourage low-income households from connecting to new sanitation services. Sewerage tariffs were proposed based on the “user pays” principle as one of two means to increase resources for the operation and maintenance of project facilities. However, sanitation services are overall viewed as a public good not suited to the "user pays" principle. Moreover, given the dire pre- project sanitation situation in South Tarawa, the principle may not work.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Well-planned integrated urban development investments—possibly including a South Tarawa-wide sewage collection and disposal system along with subsidized toilet and flushing facilities for low-income households— are necessary to substantially address the sanitation issue in South Tarawa. It was recognized from the outset that the project could only be the start of a comprehensive solution to the serious sanitation problem in South Tarawa.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Apart from offering concessional interest rates,ADB and China National Investment and Guaranty Corporation (I&G) could explore providing enhanced value-added services for ongoing and future financial intermediation loan initiatives in air quality improvement or climate change programs. The global economic slowdown dampened enthusiasm for green investments, while the rise in euro interest rates and the reduction of yuan lending rates since 2022 presented additional challenges for green financing eligible subprojects within the greater Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region.

Project Number: 50096-002
Project Name: Air Quality Improvement in the Greater Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region—China National Investment and Guaranty Corporation’s Green Financing Platform Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Most of the results were output based. There was limited evidence on the impact that the program was expected to have on reducing skill gaps in the labor market. A closer focus on the employability of students (through tracer studies) would help demonstrate program effectiveness.

Project Number: 48101-003
Project Name: Guizhou Vocational Education Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The unit cost of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) is usually higher than that of general school education. Hence, to protect the program’s benefits, TVET output stream must be coordinated closely with the job market preferences of employers.

Project Number: 48101-003
Project Name: Guizhou Vocational Education Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The education–employment linkages improve when both the demand for skills and their supply are strengthened together in a system.

Project Number: 48101-003
Project Name: Guizhou Vocational Education Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
As was done in this project, drawing from other ADB experiences and lessons in other developing member countries is a good practice that needs to be encouraged and utilized more proactively. Such practices help strengthen ADB’s value-add and deliver quality programs and projects.

Project Number: 48101-003
Project Name: Guizhou Vocational Education Development Program
Report Date: