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Lesson
Tax exemption as a form of government project contributiont and allocation of adequate budget for operation and maintenance (O&M) could prove challenging because of fiscal constraints. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the availability of O&M resources in option analyses for infrastructure subprojects during project preparation and detailed design, with preference given to less maintenance-intensive options.

Project Number: 46293-003
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion Tourism Infrastructure for Inclusive Growth Project
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Lesson
Revenues to finance O&M may take time to reach sustainable levels, and this should beconsidered in project design to aviod potential budgetshortfalls during initial project operations.

Project Number: 46293-003
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion Tourism Infrastructure for Inclusive Growth Project
Report Date:
Lesson
With strong justification and available financing in place, government-proposed adjustments to output components during implementation can help ensure a project's continued alignment with evolving government strategies. This can also deliver more outputs that contribute directly to achieving the project's outcome and generate greater social and economic benefits. In this case, following the government's new policy on poverty reduction, the provincial and county governments proposed to resurface all the 1,200 km roads connecting lower-level village roads.

Project Number: 46040-003
Project Name: Yunnan Pu'er Regional Integrated Road Network Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The dispersed location of project sites could make implementation management and supervision difficult. The sites of this project were spread in the north, east, and southwest of Chongqing, mostly in mountainous terrain, making management and supervision difficult for both the project management office and ADB.

Project Number: 45509-002
Project Name: Chongqing Urban-Rural Infrastructure Development Demonstration II Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The inclusion of expected losses from health-related national emergencies must be considered in the program design of contingency disaster financing given the experience in COVID-19. Because health is now a part overall hazard, this will somewhat provide a quick guide in fund disbursements in case of such occurrences.

Project Number: 52018-001
Project Name: Disaster Resilience Program
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Lesson
Flexibility in project design is required to respond to changes in subproject scale and adapt capacity support to the changing needs. This project was implemented across eight provinces, with significant differences in the size and scope of provincial waterworks (PWW) subprojects and local capacities. A flexible design was crucial to its successful implementation.

Project Number: 41403-013
Project Name: Urban Water Supply Project
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Lesson
The imposition of sewerage tariffs needs to be carefully thought out and based on a thorough study, as these could discourage low-income households from connecting to new sanitation services. Sewerage tariffs were proposed based on the “user pays” principle as one of two means to increase resources for the operation and maintenance of project facilities. However, sanitation services are overall viewed as a public good not suited to the "user pays" principle. Moreover, given the dire pre- project sanitation situation in South Tarawa, the principle may not work.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Well-planned integrated urban development investments—possibly including a South Tarawa-wide sewage collection and disposal system along with subsidized toilet and flushing facilities for low-income households— are necessary to substantially address the sanitation issue in South Tarawa. It was recognized from the outset that the project could only be the start of a comprehensive solution to the serious sanitation problem in South Tarawa.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Apart from offering concessional interest rates,ADB and China National Investment and Guaranty Corporation (I&G) could explore providing enhanced value-added services for ongoing and future financial intermediation loan initiatives in air quality improvement or climate change programs. The global economic slowdown dampened enthusiasm for green investments, while the rise in euro interest rates and the reduction of yuan lending rates since 2022 presented additional challenges for green financing eligible subprojects within the greater Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region.

Project Number: 50096-002
Project Name: Air Quality Improvement in the Greater Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region—China National Investment and Guaranty Corporation’s Green Financing Platform Project
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Lesson
To maximize impacts, community engagement components along with sufficient budget and post-project continuity plans need to be embedded in the design of projects that entail behavioral change. This project's community engagement component was designed and implemented as a broad-based outreach program to encourage behavioral change in personal waste disposal and hygiene, especially handwashing with soap, across all communities in South Tarawa.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Collection of both quantitative and qualitative data on gender impacts need to be incorporated in the design of future community engagement initiatives. Such data should provide indications on how and to what degree the initiative reduces women's time poverty, improves their well-being, and boosts their ability to engage in productive activities.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Project preparation should have included better articulation of the need or logic for integrating a program loan and a project loan in a sector development program (SDP). Policy dialogue, which is essential to clearly establish an understanding among the executing agencies that policy reforms and project loan financed investments are interlinked, should have been undertaken; however, this was missing in this SDP. Two separate loans delivered in sequence may have been preferable and more manageable.

Project Number: 39305-013
Project Name: Urban Public and Environmental Health Sector Development Program
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Lesson
Financing a series of smaller projects within a broader financing structure can provide efficient infrastructure improvement support on a larger scale. Although the project completion report indicated that these types of projects should contain fewer districts to reduce the implementation burden, the report confirmed the efficacy of the project. Therefore, to provide large-scale infrastructure, it may be preferable to finance a series of smaller projects within a broader financing structure, such as a multitranche financing facility.

Project Number: 45084-002
Project Name: Coastal Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Project
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Lesson
Thorough preparation of reliable and accurate cost estimates for each subproject is critical to help project implementation. Possible cost changes during implementation need to be kept within the acceptable threshold level and cost contingencies. Substantial cost overrun may lead to cancellation of critical project components.

Project Number: 42414-013, 42414-045
Project Name: Sustainable Urban Transport Investment Program (Tranche 5 and Multitranche Financing Facility)
Report Date:
Lesson
The development of a firm sector investment plan supports successful project implementation. The sector plan, covering the short-, medium- and long-term horizons, helps avoid overlaps of projects that may result in scope changes which could adversely affect the project implementation timeline, funding and cost, and loan utilization. Such an investment plan commits the government to a definite set of projects in the sector that allows for a stable implementation of social and environmental safeguards.

Project Number: 42414-043
Project Name: Sustainable Urban Transport Investment Program - Tranche 3
Report Date: