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Lesson
Land acquisition issues in PNG are more difficult to resolve than in other countries, as 97% of land is customarily owned. In this project, In this project, In this project, they were harder to contend with than expected at design stage due to changes in weather patterns that affected travel plans, with many of the sites located at sea. In a project as widely dispersed geographically as this one, more time will also have to be allowed for site access and community engagement activities.

Project Number: 44375-013
Project Name: Maritime and Waterways Safety Project
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Lesson
Establishing robust partnerships with country teams in resident missions is essential for designing capacity-building initiatives with DMCs and for generating buy-in to new approaches to engage with DMCs. ADB can use future thinking and foresight to engage with DMC agencies to develop interdisciplinary scenarios relevant to futures planning. The futures scenarios enable conversations beyond the most preferred futures which are normally described in national development plans.

Project Number: 52299-001
Project Name: Demonstrating Future Thinking and Foresight in Developing Member Countries
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Lesson
Regular involvement of country teams from resident missions and with external partner experts in the field are crucial in ensuring the continued relevance and significance of TA support. For this TA, the design and planning were also informed by discussion with relevant department leading country programming work.

Project Number: 52299-001
Project Name: Demonstrating Future Thinking and Foresight in Developing Member Countries
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Lesson
Careful political economy analysis can help identify potential legal or regulatory changes on the horizon that could impact planned interventions. In this case, changes in the regulatory framework related to hazardous waste management resulted in the cancelation of one output.

Project Number: 45009-002
Project Name: Fifth Health Sector Development Project
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Lesson
Geopolitical shifts, market dynamics, and government decisions could impact project continuity. This was shown by the TA which highlighted challenges in ensuring the continuation of projects beyond the TA phase.

Project Number: 44184-012
Project Name: Afghanistan and Turkmenistan: Regional Power Interconnection Project
Report Date:
Lesson
While significantly enhancing the viability and impact of energy initiatives, the TA underscored the importance of collaborative efforts among neighboring countries and development partners. It demonstrated how fostering partnerships and connectivity can optimize the use of regional energy resources. It facilitated energy trade agreements between Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, highlighting the potential for regional cooperation.

Project Number: 44184-012
Project Name: Afghanistan and Turkmenistan: Regional Power Interconnection Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Political instability and security issues have a significant impact on project implementation and the ability to meet timeframes. These and other external factors need to be considered during the design stage especially to map out more realistic and achievable timeframes. Risk mitigation measures should be agreed upon with participating countries during project appraisal.

Project Number: 52070-001
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Regional Energy Cooperation
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Lesson
ADB’s participation in a country-driven program, by bringing knowledge and experience in addition to financing, catalyzes interest and cofinancing from other development agencies. This program was a critical element for enhancing the entire ecosystem of housing financing and mortgage market, helping lay thegroundwork for diversified funding and private sector involvement.

Project Number: 50022-002
Project Name: Affordable Rural Housing Program
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Lesson
With strong justification and available financing in place, government-proposed adjustments to output components during implementation can help ensure a project's continued alignment with evolving government strategies. This can also deliver more outputs that contribute directly to achieving the project's outcome and generate greater social and economic benefits. In this case, following the government's new policy on poverty reduction, the provincial and county governments proposed to resurface all the 1,200 km roads connecting lower-level village roads.

Project Number: 46040-003
Project Name: Yunnan Pu'er Regional Integrated Road Network Development Project
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Lesson
The government’s internal approval processes need to be carefully considered when designing and implementing a policy reform program. In Viet Nam, the consensus-building approach to policymaking requires significant time and coordination, particularly for policies that would entail changes to the legal framework. The process for amending laws is a significant constraint, as the lawmaking cycle usually takes 5 years. Inadequate consideration of these features of policymaking and lawmaking in Viet Nam could lead to unrealistic program schedules.

Project Number: 49331-001
Project Name: Financial Sector Development and Inclusion Program
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Lesson
Due diligence for future projects should include developing a thorough understanding of the institutional setup and internal review and approval procedures as well as mapping out effective mitigation measures to minimize delays. This project's implementation was affected by cumbersome approval mechanisms at the executing agency (EA) headquarters for contract variations and extensions. Frequent interventions by ADB and EA top management were required to expedite decision-making.

Project Number: 48402-001, 48402-002
Project Name: National Motorway M–4 Gojra–Shorkot Section Project and National Motorway M–4 Gojra–Shorkot–Khanewal Section Project - Additional Financing
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Lesson
At project appraisal, staff turnover in government agencies including project implementing units (PIUs) was identified as a risk. It could have been prudent for the resident mission to provide insight into mitigation measures based on experience in other ADB projects and those of other development partners, particularly in ensuring proper repository of project documents to facilitate the efficient transfer of project responsibilities to new PIU staff.

Project Number: 45010-002
Project Name: Skills for Employment Project
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Lesson
The governments' internal review and approval processes and executing agencies' limited prior experience in ADB-financed projects and unfamiliarity with ADB procurement procedures were major contributing factors to the substantial startup and implementation delays experienced by this project.

Project Number: 41444-013
Project Name: Second Northern Greater Mekong Subregion Transport Network Improvement
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Lesson
The impact of the cross-border facility (CBF) in the project completion report. Data on traffic and trade flows in and out of Cambodia can provide a before and after assessment. This helps in determining the impact and benefits of improving a CBF.

Project Number: 43309-013
Project Name: Provincial Roads Improvement Project
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Lesson
Adequate and thorough preparation at design enhances the project’s quality at entry which is critical in supporting the government’s and ADB’s priority to promote rural development and reduce poverty. Specifically, a greater consideration of the design and scope for improving disaster risk management and climate resilience could support the upgrading and rehabilitation of other infrastructures, such as roads, energy, and social services, resulting in higher development impacts.

Project Number: 40190-013
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion Flood and Drought Risk Management and Mitigation Project
Report Date: