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Lesson
The imposition of sewerage tariffs needs to be carefully thought out and based on a thorough study, as these could discourage low-income households from connecting to new sanitation services. Sewerage tariffs were proposed based on the “user pays” principle as one of two means to increase resources for the operation and maintenance of project facilities. However, sanitation services are overall viewed as a public good not suited to the "user pays" principle. Moreover, given the dire pre- project sanitation situation in South Tarawa, the principle may not work.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Well-planned integrated urban development investments—possibly including a South Tarawa-wide sewage collection and disposal system along with subsidized toilet and flushing facilities for low-income households— are necessary to substantially address the sanitation issue in South Tarawa. It was recognized from the outset that the project could only be the start of a comprehensive solution to the serious sanitation problem in South Tarawa.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Inadequate staffing levels and frequent staff turnovers make training efforts less effective and sustainable. Under their existing structures, all the key project agencies faced challenges due to the perennial shortage of key personnel, made worse by high staff turnover. Therefore, it has been essential for ADB to continually review staff skills and capabilities and corporate structures, and implement measures to fill capacity gaps.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The government needs to do more to provide leaderahip and guidance to infrastructure projects in Kiribati. The Project Steering Commitee, renamed in 2016 as the National Infrastructure Development Steering Committee, was set up to guide several other infrastructure projects aside from this one. Therefore, it can provide only limited support to the ADB project. Achieving the intended impacts of a major project such as ADB's requires regular and proactive direction from senior government representatives through all phases of the project.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
To maximize impacts, community engagement components along with sufficient budget and post-project continuity plans need to be embedded in the design of projects that entail behavioral change. This project's community engagement component was designed and implemented as a broad-based outreach program to encourage behavioral change in personal waste disposal and hygiene, especially handwashing with soap, across all communities in South Tarawa.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Collection of both quantitative and qualitative data on gender impacts need to be incorporated in the design of future community engagement initiatives. Such data should provide indications on how and to what degree the initiative reduces women's time poverty, improves their well-being, and boosts their ability to engage in productive activities.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
the road construction, introduction of new legislation banning slow-moving traffic from highways,

Project Number: 48218-010
Project Name: Food Safety and Agriculture Commercialization Program
Report Date:
Lesson
It is imperative for the federal government to recognize the diversity in local government needs and provide minimum enabling conditional grants that improve education outcomes. The school education-related federal grants that went to local governments after 2018 were largely conditional and required flexibility to align with local governments’ education needs.

Project Number: 49424-001
Project Name: Supporting School Sector Development Plan
Report Date:
Lesson
Federal transition is a work in progress. As of 2023, Nepal continues to build and evolve its institutional structures as it operationalizes federal structures. Hence, the design and Implementation of a program supporting large sector programs such as the School Sector Development Plan (SSDP) Sector-Wide Approach (SWAp) need to be flexible while maintaining a balance between ambitious and incremental results.

Project Number: 49424-001
Project Name: Supporting School Sector Development Plan
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB needs to continue the RBL modality for the school education SWAp and expand to other education subsectors to leverage sequencing of results, add value to government programs, sustainably strengthen institutions, and harmonize development partners. The RBL modality encouraged substantive policy discussion and critical analysis geared towards common agreement on the key results. The government internalized the aim of achieving targets in a set time frame and linking disbursements to achieved results.

Project Number: 49424-001
Project Name: Supporting School Sector Development Plan
Report Date:
Lesson
There is a need for a comprehensive approach that fosters continuity of quality-enhancing interventions to address the persistent challenge of improving learning. Low learning starts in the early grades and continues in the higher grades. Efforts to improve learning need to start from the early grades and continue throughout the different levels of education.

Project Number: 49424-001
Project Name: Supporting School Sector Development Plan
Report Date:
Lesson
Teacher Preparation and professional development programs need to be revisited. Because of their low effectiveness, teacher professional development programs in the country urgently need to be revisited, including from the gender equityy and social inclusion perspective. Teacher Preparation courses at universities need to be reviewed, existing education training centers to be expanded and equipped to deliver modern pedagogy, and school-based teacher support systems to be instituted.

Project Number: 49424-001
Project Name: Supporting School Sector Development Plan
Report Date:
Lesson
Interventions to strengthen sector resilience need to be broadened to improve system readiness for future challenges to learning continuity. After the 2015 earthquake, significant effort was directed towards improving school sector resilience against disasters triggered by natural hazards and climate change. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted new challenges that can impinge on learning continuity, with disproportionate effects on students from poor socioeconomic backgrounds and deprived communities.

Project Number: 49424-001
Project Name: Supporting School Sector Development Plan
Report Date:
Lesson
Future school infrastructure development requires a comprehensive approach based on the school’s operational viability. To meet school needs, the School Sector Development Plan adopted an ad hoc, piecemeal approach to school infrastructure development. In future, a comprehensive approach, based on the school's operational viability and as practiced in this intervention's model school program, needs to be undertaken especially because of the changing demographic dynamics that have resulted in school mergers and closures.

Project Number: 49424-001
Project Name: Supporting School Sector Development Plan
Report Date:
Lesson
Lack of ownership of design by the executing agency can lead to implementation delays. The project was the first ADB supported project where the design and construction supervision contracts were split. Reviewing and deciding on design changes was delayed because of a lack of ownership over design by the construction supervision consultant's and the Department of Roads lack of timely decisions.

Project Number: 38350-013
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
Report Date: