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Lesson
When designing results frameworks, the use of policy actions as results indicators should be minimized. If the indicator measures the reform success by the completion of the policy actions, it provides little information on the success of that policy action and undermines the relevance of the policy action for no result is achieved other than itself.

Project Number: 53248-001
Project Name: Second Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Development partners should both support and take advantage of opportunities that arise when governments are committed to reform, which should also be recognized in their country programming. the government that came to office in 2018 was strongly reform-minded. Even though Armenia suffered two exogenous shocks in the form of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and conflict with a neighboring country, reform commitment did not waver. This contributed strongly to the ultimate outcome of this program.

Project Number: 51060-002, 51060-003
Project Name: Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
When programs embody reforms that are directed at strengthening the institutional framework for the operation of key markets, such as those underlying financial markets, clearly articulating them in the program documents clarifies objectives. By not doing so, it risks the results of the program not being fully apparent due to the lengthy period for the reforms to come to fruition. By setting as outcome objectives, what the improved framework will lead to places the outcome outside the time frame of the program

Project Number: 51060-002, 51060-003
Project Name: Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Strong alignment with government strategies and priorities leads to strong government ownership and participation in program implementation. The reforms adopted under this program were essential to improve fiscal credibility and strengthen the capital market in Armenia. They were fully aligned with the strategies of the government and ADB. Because of this strong strategic alignment, government ownership of the program remained strong and all implementing agencies actively coordinated with ADB to achieve the reform agenda.

Project Number: 53248-001
Project Name: Second Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The absence of a programmatic approach in policy-based loans (PBLs) can put at risk the sustainability of reforms. This program was designed as a stand-alone, single-tranche, PBL and effectively achieved its objective because of strong ownership by and well-coordinated efforts of the authorities and ADB staff. However, the lack of a programmatic approach posed a high risk to the sustainability of the reforms made.

Project Number: 53248-001
Project Name: Second Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Technical assistance (TA) is required to develop the capacity of institutions to meaningfully engage with ADB on a longer-term basis. ADB’s continuous engagement with the country, during and after a PBL, is essential. It allows ADB to keep a foothold in the country, learn about the reforms being assisted by other development partners, remain updated about emerging needs and issues, support sustainability, and help in processing new programs.

Project Number: 53248-001
Project Name: Second Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Dissemination of achievements made under the program is essential for knowledge-sharing and to strengthen ADB’s image as an effective development partner, The program supported the implementation of key reforms that were relevant and highly desired by the government to accelerate the country's economic growth. It is important to communicate the achievements made, with the general public and development partners, to improve knowledge and raise awareness. Communication and public awareness are also essential to enhance ADB’s status and credibility as an effective development partner.

Project Number: 53248-001
Project Name: Second Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB’s programmatic approach to reforms can trigger long-lasting changes in the institutional and policy environment of Armenia and this needs to continue under the new government.

Project Number: 51060-002, 51060-003
Project Name: Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB’s programmatic approach provides the greatest scope and flexibility for achieving the quality of policy dialogue required by structural reforms

Project Number: 51060-002, 51060-003
Project Name: Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
The continuous longer-term involvement of the same mission leader and other qualified ADB staff from the design stage until the end of implementation of the three subprograms is important to the success of this program. Familiarity with local institutional challenges and personnel in the government is important for a complex reform program such as this one to achieve progress.

Project Number: 48207-001, 48207-002, 48207-004
Project Name: Financial Market Development and Inclusion Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The importance of a comprehensive strategic framework that broadens and deepens financial inclusion based on robust diagnostics and analytical work. The rationale for reform and policy actions are to be drawn from these diagnostics, and actions are prioritized and sequenced in addressing the constraints and bottlenecks. Regulatory constraints, institutional capacity limitations, deficiencies in technology infrastructure, and extent of financial literacy need to be clearly identified and assessed based on the analytical work.

Project Number: 48207-001, 48207-002, 48207-004
Project Name: Financial Market Development and Inclusion Program
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important that the TA is appropriately designed to support the delivery of expected outputs and that it is implemented in a timely manner. The program demonstrated the role of a well-designed TA in supporting completion of reforms across the three subprograms and building capacity of the implementing agency. It is also essential that the timing of activities is aligned with the sequencing of policy actions so as not to undermine the achievement of outputs.

Project Number: 48207-001, 48207-002, 48207-004
Project Name: Financial Market Development and Inclusion Program
Report Date:
Lesson
This is a useful lesson learned but it is phrased as a recommendation. Rephrasing it into a lesson learned: When TA projects in the finance sector focus on specific subsectors or pecific themes, it allows for a comprehensive diagnostic assessment with adequate resources to address the biggest constraints in the sector or area. A more focused approach also allows the government to design and implement sequenced eforms in a sector.

Project Number: 45396-001
Project Name: Enhancing the Regulatory Framework of Financial Sector Development and Oversight
Report Date:
Lesson
This validation also adds that choosing and defining outcome indicators that can be directly attributed to TA outputs can improve a program’s relevanc and effectiveness.

Project Number: 45396-001
Project Name: Enhancing the Regulatory Framework of Financial Sector Development and Oversight
Report Date:
Lesson
This is a useful lesson learned, but it is phrased as a recommendation. Rephrasing it into a broader lesson learned for other TAs: Active engagement with the private sector, policy maker (MOF), and regulator (OJK) during the implementation of TA project activities in the finance sector can improve the relevance and effectiveness of developed policies.

Project Number: 45396-001
Project Name: Enhancing the Regulatory Framework of Financial Sector Development and Oversight
Report Date: