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Lesson
Availability and capacity of the contractors. The number of contractors was limited and the number of responses from bidders was low. All civil work contractors were local and some lacked working facilities, funding resources, and/or skilled and qualified staff. The weak capacity of some local contractors was a major cause of project delays. Also, some civil works packages were geographically spread out, making it difficult for contractors to manage their resources, labor, and materials.

Project Number: 37066-033
Project Name: Rural Roads Sector II Investment Program (Project 2) - State of Orissa
Report Date:
Lesson
Project readiness and utility relocation. Project preparation had some weaknesses during the design phase, especially in site reconnaissance and consideration of design alternatives. Strengthening this aspect would avoid problems and associated delays in project implementation. Relocation of electricity poles and telecommunication lines was a common problem faced in almost all contract packages.

Project Number: 37066-033
Project Name: Rural Roads Sector II Investment Program (Project 2) - State of Orissa
Report Date:
Lesson
Time requirements for completing a subproject. Following the Prime Minister - s Rural Roads Program (PMGSY) guidelines, each civil works contract had a stipulated completion period of 12 months. However, it was found that 12 months were insufficient, especially given pre-construction activities, the capability of contractors, and adverse weather conditions in the project area. It was found that at least 15-20 months were needed for all project activities.

Project Number: 37066-033
Project Name: Rural Roads Sector II Investment Program (Project 2) - State of Orissa
Report Date:
Lesson
Project benefit monitoring. For investments in physical infrastructure to be effective and sustainable, the investment program needs to focus more on sex-disaggregated data analysis. Road improvements have a high potential to bring improvements in reproductive health, education, possession of movable assets, employment opportunities, and nutrition. Monitoring of selected sex-disaggregated key indicators should be incorporated in future subprojects under the program.

Project Number: 37066-033
Project Name: Rural Roads Sector II Investment Program (Project 2) - State of Orissa
Report Date:
Lesson
Consultant Performance. Consultant performance should be critically evaluated and monitored closely during implementation. There were many lapses and deficiencies in the design, necessitating design and cost revisions and price escalation. A proper design review may be considered to avoid these deficiencies for future projects. Future consultants selection should be strictly based on their performance records.

Project Number: 36052-013
Project Name: North-West Frontier Province Road Development Sector and Subregional Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Price Escalation. The price for construction materials rose sharply during implementation due to the global economic downturn. The delays in project implementation made this problem more serious. The decisions to approve the escalation took a long time due to the extremely high amounts. All such decisions need to be made quickly in accordance with the given contract clauses.

Project Number: 36052-013
Project Name: North-West Frontier Province Road Development Sector and Subregional Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Procurement and Construction. Several road construction projects were started in all the provinces within a short span of time. This resulted in a sudden increase in the demand for consultants and contractors. Hence, there was inadequate competition among contractors. Undertaking multiple large programs at one time is not good for the executing and implementing agencies and the local construction industry. Shortages will develop, bottlenecks will arise, prices will increase, the cost of production will be high, and equipment will become idle after project completion.

Project Number: 36052-013
Project Name: North-West Frontier Province Road Development Sector and Subregional Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Cost Estimates. Cost estimates of subprojects were prepared in 2004 on the basis of the prevailing composite schedule of rates (CSR). However, at the time of contract award there was an exceptionally high inflation. It is important to consider the inflation factor between the project design and contract award periods.

Project Number: 36052-013
Project Name: North-West Frontier Province Road Development Sector and Subregional Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Project Implementation in an Area with Security Challenges. The security conditions in the project area deteriorated during implementation. ADB needs to consider special arrangements for such projects. For example, direct contracting or lump-sum contracts may be considered for civil works contracts, rather than competitive bidding, in particular, international competitive bidding (ICB). Project management could be outsourced, as ADB missions were not able to visit sites.

Project Number: 36052-013
Project Name: North-West Frontier Province Road Development Sector and Subregional Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The project was comprised of six components, including national highways, provincial highways (PHs), rural access roads (RARs), policy reform and institutional strengthening, border infrastructure, and road safety. Six implementing agencies were engaged to implement these components. For improved coordination and smooth implementation, it would be better to implement projects with only one or two implementing agencies.

Project Number: 36052-013
Project Name: North-West Frontier Province Road Development Sector and Subregional Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
For effective gender mainstreaming and achievements, gender action plans should be prepared and agreed on by all agencies involved in project implementation. Sufficient financial and technical resources should be allocated for implementation of the gender action plan.

Project Number: 32239-013
Project Name: Urban and Environmental Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
A complex financing plan causes difficulties in consolidation of expenditures and slow submission of withdrawal applications.

Project Number: 32239-013
Project Name: Urban and Environmental Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Assessment of community attitudes to infrastructure, such as WWTP, should be better assessed at appraisal. For example, a participatory process to identify a feasible WWTP site would have prevented significant delays in the finalization of design and construction.

Project Number: 32239-013
Project Name: Urban and Environmental Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Entities intended to manage operation and maintenance (O&M) for infrastructure should be established early in the project cycle, and staff trained throughout the implementation period, rather than at the very end. For operational sustainability, a long-term O&M contract could be incorporated into the construction contract for institutions having weak capacity and staff strength.

Project Number: 32239-013
Project Name: Urban and Environmental Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The project could support the institutional reforms efficiently if there is a clear political will and stable government.

Project Number: 32239-013
Project Name: Urban and Environmental Improvement Project
Report Date: